Decreased salivary lactoferrin levels are specific to Alzheimer's disease

González-Sánchez, Marta; Bartolomé, Fernando Benito; Antequera, Desireé; Puertas-Martín, Verónica; González, Pilar; Gómez‐Grande, Adolfo; Llamas‐Velasco, Sara; Martín, Alejandro Herrero-San; Pérez-Martínez, D A; Villarejo-Galende, Alberto; Atienza, Mercedes; Palomar-Bonet, Miriam; Cantero, José L.; Perry, George; Orive, Gorka; Ibáñez, Borja; Bueno, Héctor; Fuster, Valentín; Carro, Eva

doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102834

Cited by 78 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Technology is now available to extract neuronal exosomes within blood 143 , making them an important prospect for future studies. Lastly, other body fluids poorly studied as potential sources of biomarkers in FTD are urine 144 or saliva 145 , and future studies would benefit from investigating these further.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia: past, present and future

Swift

Sogorb‐Esteve

Heller

et al. 2020

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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The frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders includes a heterogeneous group of conditions. However, following on from a series of important molecular studies in the early 2000s, major advances have now been made in the understanding of the pathological and genetic underpinnings of the disease. In turn, alongside the development of novel methodologies for measuring proteins and other molecules in biological fluids, the last 10 years have seen a huge increase in biomarker studies within FTD. This recent past has focused on attempting to develop markers that will help differentiate FTD from other dementias (particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD)), as well as from non-neurodegenerative conditions such as primary psychiatric disorders. While cerebrospinal fluid, and more recently blood, markers of AD have been successfully developed, specific markers identifying primary tauopathies or TDP-43 proteinopathies are still lacking. More focus at the moment has been on non-specific markers of neurodegeneration, and in particular, multiple studies of neurofilament light chain have highlighted its importance as a diagnostic, prognostic and staging marker of FTD. As clinical trials get under way in specific genetic forms of FTD, measures of progranulin and dipeptide repeat proteins in biofluids have become important potential measures of therapeutic response. However, understanding of whether drugs restore cellular function will also be important, and studies of key pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, lysosomal function and synaptic health, are also now becoming more common. There is much still to learn in the fluid biomarker field in FTD, but the creation of large multinational cohorts is facilitating better powered studies and will pave the way for larger omics studies, including proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics, as well as investigations of multimodal biomarker combinations across fluids, brain imaging and other domains. Here we provide an overview of the past, present and future of fluid biomarkers within the FTD field.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia: past, present and future

Swift

Sogorb‐Esteve

Heller

et al. 2020

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, brain shows the presence of lactoferrin which substantially increases in AD patients. It is also correlated with the AD pathogenesis because of the direct relation with microgila of brain, amyloid beta plaques, and NFT of patients [91,92]. Although, there are [19], and b Multiplex detection of Aβ42 peptide and t-Tau protein using graphene-based field effect transistor (gFET) biosensor.…”

Section: Detection Of Ad Biomarkers In Biosamplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, brain shows the presence of lactoferrin which substantially increases in AD patients. It is also correlated with the AD pathogenesis because of the direct relation with microgila of brain, amyloid beta plaques, and NFT of patients [ 91 , 92 ]. Although, there are various AD related biomolecules in secretions of salivary glands, the conclusiveness of the results is still limited due to the lack of proper and sufficient standardization [ 93 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the development paradigm of biosample‐based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer’s disease

et al. 2021

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This review highlights current developments, challenges, and future directions for the use of invasive and noninvasive biosample-based small biosensors for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with biomarkers to incite a conceptual idea from a broad number of readers in this field. We provide the most promising concept about biosensors on the basis of detection scale (from femto to micro) using invasive and noninvasive biosamples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, sweat, and tear. It also summarizes sensor types and detailed analyzing techniques for ultrasensitive detection of multiple target biomarkers (i.e., amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, tau protein, Acetylcholine (Ach), microRNA137, etc.) of AD in terms of detection ranges and limit of detections (LODs). As the most significant disadvantage of CSF and blood-based detection of AD is associated with the invasiveness of sample collection which limits future strategy with home-based early screening of AD, we extensively reviewed the future trend of new noninvasive detection techniques (such as optical screening and bio-imaging process). To overcome the limitation of non-invasive biosamples with low concentrations of AD biomarkers, current efforts to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors and discover new types of biomarkers using non-invasive body fluids are presented. We also introduced future trends facing an infection point in early diagnosis of AD with simultaneous emergence of addressable innovative technologies.

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“…There were no differences in salivary lactoferrin levels between MCI-PET positive and AD patients and between controls and MCI-PET negative groups. These results revealed that decreased salivary lactoferrin levels are AD-specific biomarkers and are helpful in differentiating and diagnosing the early clinical stages of AD, as well as in predicting the development and progression of cognitive disorders in AD [ 51 ].…”

Section: Biomarkers In the Diagnosis Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

Pawlik

Błochowiak

2021

Diagnostics

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Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are necessary to begin treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Biomarkers have shown great potential as a diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of many diseases, including AD and PD. However, screening for these biomarkers usually includes invasive, complex and expensive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling through a lumbar puncture. Researchers are continuously seeking to find a simpler and more reliable diagnostic tool that would be less invasive than CSF sampling. Saliva has been studied as a potential biological fluid that could be used in the diagnosis and early screening of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an insight into the current literature concerning salivary biomarkers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD. The most commonly studied salivary biomarkers in AD are β-amyloid1-42/1-40 and TAU protein, as well as α-synuclein and protein deglycase (DJ-1) in PD. Studies continue to be conducted on this subject and researchers are attempting to find correlations between specific biomarkers and early clinical symptoms, which could be key in creating new treatments for patients before the onset of symptoms.

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Decreased salivary lactoferrin levels are specific to Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 78 publications

References 73 publications

Fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia: past, present and future

Fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia: past, present and future

Advances in the development paradigm of biosample‐based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer’s disease

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

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