Decreases in fasting leptin and insulin concentrations after acute energy restriction and subsequent compensation in food intake

Mars, Monica; Graaf, C. de; Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M. de; Kok, F.J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.3.570

Cited by 44 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Previous studies have reported that lean individuals do not accurately adjust energy intake in response to a dietary-induced energy deficit (15,17,26,27). Consistent with the current study, either no compensation (26) or only partial compensation (15,17,27) in the 1-4 d after an acute (24-to 48-h) period of severe or complete energy restriction has been reported.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of 24-h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in lean men and women

Clayton

Burrell

Mynott

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Intermittent severe energy restriction (SER) can induce substantial weight loss, but the appetite regulatory responses to SER are unknown and may dictate long-term dietary adherence. Objective: We determined the effect of 24-h SER on appetite regulation, metabolism, and energy intake. Design: Eighteen lean men and women completed two 3-d trials in randomized, counterbalanced order. On day 1 subjects consumed standardized diets containing 100% (mean 6 SD: 9.3 6 1.3 MJ; energy balance) or 25% [2.3 6 0.3 MJ; energy restriction (ER)] of energy requirements. On day 2, a standardized breakfast was consumed, with plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids determined for 4 h. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at lunch and dinner with subjective appetite and resting metabolism assessed throughout. On day 3, ad libitum energy intake was assessed at breakfast and by weighed food records. Results: Energy intake was 7% greater on day 2 (P , 0.05) during ER but not significantly different on day 3 (P = 0.557). Subjective appetite was greater during ER on the morning of day 2 (P , 0.05) but was not significantly different thereafter (P . 0.145). During ER, postprandial concentrations of acylated ghrelin were lower (P , 0.05), whereas glucose (P , 0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (P , 0.0001) were higher. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 7-36 (P = 0.784) and insulin (P = 0.06) concentrations were not significantly different between trials. Energy expenditure was lower during ER in the morning (P , 0.01). Conclusions: In lean young adults, 24-h SER transiently elevated subjective appetite and marginally increased energy intake, but hormonal appetite markers did not respond in a manner indicative of hyperphagia. These results suggest that intermittent SER might be useful to attenuate energy intake and control body weight in this population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov.uk as NCT02696772.Am J Clin Nutr

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of 24-h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in lean men and women

Clayton

Burrell

Mynott

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Similar findings have been shown after short-term energy restriction. In the two days after 48 h on a restricted diet consisting of 38% of their estimated maintenance energy requirements and resulting in a 1.1 kg weight loss, lean young men ate 143% and 124% of their estimated energy requirements each day, respectively (Mars et al, 2005). Even in overweight people, losing weight by severely restricting energy intake increases measures of appetite such as hunger, desire to eat and estimates of prospective consumption (Mars et al, 2005 andHukshorn et al, 2003b).…”

Section: Effects Of Energy Deficit On Appetite In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the two days after 48 h on a restricted diet consisting of 38% of their estimated maintenance energy requirements and resulting in a 1.1 kg weight loss, lean young men ate 143% and 124% of their estimated energy requirements each day, respectively (Mars et al, 2005). Even in overweight people, losing weight by severely restricting energy intake increases measures of appetite such as hunger, desire to eat and estimates of prospective consumption (Mars et al, 2005 andHukshorn et al, 2003b). While it is often assumed that hunger is only a problem associated with very low energy diets or 'crash dieting', or with energy restriction in lean individuals, significant increases in appetite or hunger have also been measured in obese people losing weight by mild energy restriction, or by mild energy restriction combined with physical activity (Doucet et al, 2000 andWesterterp-Plantenga et al, 2001).…”

Section: Effects Of Energy Deficit On Appetite In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in regulation of body weight during energy deficit

Sainsbury

Zhang

2010

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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Acute or long-term energy deficit in lean or obese rodents or humans stimulates food intake or appetite and reduces metabolic rate or energy expenditure. These changes contribute to weight regain in post-obese animals and humans. Some studies show that the reduction in metabolic rate with energy deficit in overweight people is transient. Energy restriction has been shown in some but not all studies to reduce physical activity, and this may represent an additional energy-conserving adaptation. Energy restriction up-regulates expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide and opioids and down-regulates that of the anorexigenic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone or its precursor pro-opioomelanocortin and the co-expressed cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Recapitulating these hypothalamic changes in sated animals mimics the effects of energy deficit, namely increased food intake, reduced physical activity and reduced metabolic rate, suggesting that these energy-conserving adaptations are at least partially mediated by the hypothalamus.

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“…Intermittent periods of OF (e.g., holiday weight gain) are often compensated by subsequent self-imposed CR, 22,23 whereas periods of CR are likely to be followed by excessive energy intake (e.g., yo-yo dieting). 23,24 Thus, the purpose of the present study was an intra-individual comparison of the effects of consecutive, controlled 1-week periods of altered energy balance (i.e., CR followed by RF, and OF followed by CR) on IS and insulin secretion in a group of healthy lean men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of brief perturbations in energy balance on indices of glucose homeostasis in healthy lean men

et al. 2011

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BACKGROUND:Little is known about the effects of short-term caloric restriction (CR) and overfeeding (OF) on glucose homeostasis in healthy lean individuals. In addition, it remains unclear whether the effects of CR and OF are reversed by a complementary feeding period. METHODS: Ten healthy men participated in two cycles of controlled 7-day periods of CR and refeeding (RF; protocol A), and OF and CR (protocol B) at ±60% energy requirement. At baseline, insulin sensitivity (IS) was assessed by euglycemic clamp (M). Before and during each feeding cycle, fasting and oral glucose tolerance test-derived indices were used to estimate glucose tolerance, IS and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. RESULTS: Clamp tests revealed normal IS at baseline (M-values 9.4 ± 2.1 mg kg À1 min À1 , coefficient of variation (CV) inter 22%). M-values were significantly correlated with indices of IS. In protocol A, CR-induced weight loss (À3.0±0.4 kg) was associated with an increase in fasting IS. Postprandial IS and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion remained unchanged, but glucose tolerance decreased. RF decreased fasting and postprandial IS at increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In protocol B, OF significantly increased the body weight ( þ 1.6±0.9 kg). Concomitantly, fasting and postprandial IS decreased at increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Subsequent CR reversed these effects. Inter-individual variability in indices of glucose metabolism was high with coefficients of variation ranging from 9 to 59%. CONCLUSION: Significant changes in glucose metabolism are evident within 7-day periods of controlled OF and underfeeding. Although IS was impaired at the end of the CR --RF cycle, IS was normalized after the OF --CR cycle. At different feeding regimens, homeostatic responses of glucose metabolism were highly variable. Keywords: insulin secretion; insulin sensitivity; glucose homeostasis; weight gain; energy balance INTRODUCTION Long-term perturbations in energy balance, either by overfeeding (OF) or underfeeding, are known to modulate insulin sensitivity (IS). Chronic OF and obesity are commonly characterized by insulin resistance, 1 which has been shown to be completely 2 or partially reversed by acute caloric restriction (CR), as well as by moderate weight loss. 3 --5 On the other hand, IS is preserved or even improved with chronic CR in patients with anorexia nervosa and returned to normal values at the end of refeeding (RF). 6 Although considerable research has been devoted to individuals outside the normal range of body weight, there are only few studies examining the effects of short-term controlled perturbations in energy balance on IS in lean subjects without confounding metabolic abnormalities. 7 --17 Moreover, these studies provide discordant findings that may depend on duration and degree of energy imbalance and macronutrient composition of the diets. Fasting (1 --3 days) consistently caused a decline in IS assessed by clamp-and intravenous glucose tolerance test. 7,8,17 Studies with less severe ...

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Decreases in fasting leptin and insulin concentrations after acute energy restriction and subsequent compensation in food intake

Cited by 44 publications

References 39 publications

Effect of 24-h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in lean men and women

Effect of 24-h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in lean men and women

Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in regulation of body weight during energy deficit

Effects of brief perturbations in energy balance on indices of glucose homeostasis in healthy lean men

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