“…This is one of the main tasks for the NLU module in order to detect the dialogues acts in the user utterance and provide this information to the dialogue manager. A range of statistical techniques have been proposed to complete this task, from traditional techniques, such as Naive Bayes (McCallum & Nigam, 1998) or Support Vector Machines (Haffner, Tur, & Wright, 2003), to mainstream methods, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (Zhang, Song, Liu, Du, & Zhao, 2017), word embeddings (Liu & Lane, 2016) recurrent neural networks (Firdaus, Kumar, Ekbal, & Bhattacharyya, 2019), long short‐term memory networks (Sreelakshmi, Rafeeque, Sreetha, & Gayathri, 2018) or gated recurrent units (Mauajama Firdaus, B, & Golchha, 2020).…”