Deep blue artificial intelligence for knowledge discovery of the intermediate ocean

Abstract

Oceans at a depth ranging from ~100 to ~1000-m (defined as the intermediate water here), though poorly understood compared to the sea surface, is a critical layer of the Earth system where many important oceanographic processes take place. Advances in ocean observation and computer technology have allowed ocean science to enter the era of big data (to be precise, big data for the surface layer, small data for the bottom layer, and the intermediate layer sits in between) and greatly promoted our understanding of near-surface ocean phenomena. During the past few decades, however, the intermediate ocean is also undergoing profound changes because of global warming, the research and prediction of which are of intensive concern. Due to the lack of three-dimensional ocean theories and field observations, how to remotely sense the intermediate ocean from space becomes a very attractive but challenging scientific issue. With the rapid development of the next generation of information technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has built a new bridge from data science to marine science (called Deep Blue AI, DBAI), which acts as a powerful weapon to extend the paradigm of modern oceanography in the era of the metaverse. This review first introduces the basic prior knowledge of water movement in the ~100 m ocean and vertical stratification within the ~1000-m depths as well as the data resources provided by satellite remote sensing, field observation, and model reanalysis for DBAI. Then, three universal DBAI methodologies, namely, associative statistical, physically informed, and mathematically driven neural networks, are elucidated in the context of intermediate ocean remote sensing. Finally, the unique advantages and potentials of DBAI in data mining and knowledge discovery are demonstrated in a top-down way of “surface-to-interior” via several typical examples in physical and biological oceanography.

Weekly Green Tide Mapping in the Yellow Sea with Deep Learning: Integrating Optical and SAR Ocean Imagery

“…Combining these datasets generates a weekly product, providing a comprehensive representation of continuous green tide changes. In recent years, propelled by the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technology (Jordan et al, 2015;LeCun et 75 al., 2015;Li et al, 2020;Dong et al, 2022;Li et al, 2022;Chen et al, 2023;Wang and Li, 2024) extraction algorithms based on deep learning have emerged. Notably, models such as the AlageNet (Gao et al, 2022) and GANet (Guo et al, 2022) leverage image texture enhancement mechanisms and attention mechanisms, effectively addressing the challenge of algae-water imbalance for the optical MODIS and Sentinel-1 SAR imagery.…”