“…Through the above studies, we find that the characterization of fault–karst reservoir is commonly implemented by detecting faults and caves, respectively, due to the distinctly different reflection characteristics of faults and caves on seismic data. With the rapid development of deep learning algorithms, these algorithms are widely applied to the field of exploration geophysics and play an important role in fault detection (Wu, Liang, Shi, & Fomel, 2019; Wu, Geng, et al., 2020), cave detection (Wu, Yan, et al., 2020; S. Wei et al., 2022; Yan et al., 2022) and reservoir characterization (Chen et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2021). However, in the Shunbei area, the cave formation is controlled by faults, and the major caves are located around the fault zone (as shown in Figure 1).…”