Deep learning-assisted classification of calcaneofibular ligament injuries in the ankle joint

Abstract

Background: The classification of calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) injuries on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is time-consuming and subject to substantial interreader variability. This study explores the feasibility of classifying CFL injuries using deep learning methods by comparing them with the classifications of musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologists and further examines image cropping screening and calibration methods. Methods:The imaging data of 1,074 patients who underwent ankle arthroscopy and MRI examinations in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the arthroscopic findings, patients were divided into normal (class 0, n=475); degeneration, strain, and partial tear (class 1, n=217); and complete tear (class 2, n=382) groups. All patients were divided into training, validation, and test sets at a ratio of 8:1:1.After preprocessing, the images were cropped using Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN), followed by the application of an attention algorithm for image screening and calibration and the implementation of LeNet-5 for CFL injury classification. The diagnostic effects of the axial, coronal, and combined models were compared, and the best method was selected for outgroup validation. The diagnostic results of the models in the intragroup and outgroup test sets were compared with those results of 4 MSK radiologists of different seniorities. Results:The mean average precision (mAP) of the Mask R-CNN using the attention algorithm for the left and right image cropping of axial and coronal sequences was 0.90-0.96. The accuracy of LeNet-5 for classifying classes 0-2 was 0.92, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively, for the axial sequences and 0.89, 0.92, and 0.90, respectively, for the coronal sequences. After sequence combination, the classification accuracy for classes 0-2 was 0.95, 0.97, and 0.96, respectively. The mean accuracies of the 4 MSK radiologists in classifying the intragroup test set as classes 0-2 were 0.94, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.85, all of which were significantly different from the model. The mean accuracies of the MSK radiologists in classifying the outgroup test set as classes 0-2 were 0.92, 0.91, 0.87, and 0.85, with the 2 senior MSK radiologists demonstrating similar diagnostic performance to the model and the junior MSK radiologists demonstrating worse accuracy.Conclusions: Deep learning can be used to classify CFL injuries at similar levels to those of MSK radiologists. Adding an attention algorithm after cropping is helpful for accurately cropping CFL images.

Artificial intelligence versus radiologist in the accuracy of fracture detection based on computed tomography images: a multi-dimensional, multi-region analysis

“…Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in deep learning have achieved remarkable results in automatic detection of various non-avulsion fractures, ligament injures, and classification of bone tumors, including upper and lower extremities fractures [e.g., distal radius ( 8 ), proximal humerus ( 9 ), intertrochanteric hip ( 10 )], calcaneofibular ligament injuries in the ankle joint ( 11 ), and pelvic and sacral osteosarcoma classification ( 12 ). For avulsion fractures, the imaging presentation of fracture signs is often challenging to determine, making it difficult to obtain a sufficient number of labeled samples for artificial intelligence (AI) training to improve their detection.…”