BackgroundOptimizing the diagnosis and treatment of hematological diseases is a challenging yet crucial research area. Effective treatment plans typically require the comprehensive integration of cell morphology, immunology, cytogenetics, and molecular biology. These plans also consider patient-specific factors such as disease stage, age, and genetic mutation status. With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), more “AI + medical” application models are emerging. In clinical practice, many AI-assisted systems have been successfully applied to the diagnosis and treatment of hematological diseases, enhancing precision and efficiency and offering valuable solutions for clinical practice.ObjectiveThis study summarizes the research progress of various AI-assisted systems applied in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hematological diseases, with a focus on their application in morphology, immunology, cytogenetics, and molecular biology diagnosis, as well as prognosis prediction and treatment.MethodsUsing PubMed, Web of Science, and other network search engines, we conducted a literature search on studies from the past 5 years using the main keywords “artificial intelligence” and “hematological diseases.” We classified the clinical applications of AI systems according to the diagnosis and treatment. We outline and summarize the current advancements in AI for optimizing the diagnosis and treatment of hematological diseases, as well as the difficulties and challenges in promoting the standardization of clinical diagnosis and treatment in this field.ResultsAI can significantly shorten turnaround times, reduce diagnostic costs, and accurately predict disease outcomes through applications in image-recognition technology, genomic data analysis, data mining, pattern recognition, and personalized medicine. However, several challenges remain, including the lack of AI product standards, standardized data, medical–industrial collaboration, and the complexity and non-interpretability of AI systems. In addition, regulatory gaps can lead to data privacy issues. Therefore, more research and improvements are needed to fully leverage the potential of AI to promote standardization of the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hematological diseases.ConclusionOur results serve as a reference point for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hematological diseases and the development of AI-assisted clinical diagnosis and treatment systems. We offer suggestions for further development of AI in hematology and standardization of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
