Deep-learning-based recognition of multi-singularity structured light

Abstract

Structured light with customized topological patterns inspires diverse classical and quantum investigations underpinned by accurate detection techniques. However, the current detection schemes are limited to vortex beams with a simple phase singularity. The precise recognition of general structured light with multiple singularities remains elusive. Here, we report deep learning (DL) framework that can unveil multi-singularity phase structures in an end-to-end manner, after feeding only two intensity patterns upon beam propagation. By outputting the phase directly, rich and intuitive information of twisted photons is unleashed. The DL toolbox can also acquire phases of Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes with a single singularity and other general phase objects likewise. Enabled by this DL platform, a phase-based optical secret sharing (OSS) protocol is proposed, which is based on a more general class of multi-singularity modes than conventional LG beams. The OSS protocol features strong security, wealthy state space, and convenient intensity-based measurements. This study opens new avenues for large-capacity communications, laser mode analysis, microscopy, Bose–Einstein condensates characterization, etc.

Towards higher-dimensional structured light

“…Modal filters can be simple distorting devices such as triangular apertures 116 or tilted lenses 117 (both used extensively for OAM), and easily extended to other mode families. The idea is to recognise the altered intensity map and infer the original, a process that can be improved further with machine learning approaches 118 , 119 . More sophisticated approaches exploit an optical inner product for a quantitative measure and reconstruction of any scalar or vectorial structured light field (see Ref.…”

Nonseparable States of Light: From Quantum to Classical

“…Recently, the artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms were also used to identify multi-DoF nonseparable states of light which enable the further improvement of secret sharing protocols. [197,198] In short, in this review we highlighted many of the analogies that have been posted over the years between nonseparable light fields and quantum states but are very likely that we missed some other that are being proposed as we write this review. We also discussed a variety of applications, some of which are inspired in the similarities between nonseparable fields and quantum states.…”

“…Recently, the artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms were also used to identify multi‐DoF nonseparable states of light which enable the further improvement of secret sharing protocols. [ 197,198 ]…”

Nonseparable states of light: From quantum to classical

“…Spin-orbit nonseparable states have been also used to illustrate some of the concepts of game theory in its quantum version, more precisely, to implement the quantum version of the prisoners dilemma [194]. In addition, artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms were recently used for identifying multi-DoF nonseparable states of light [195,196], which enable the further improvement of related applications. Finally, the use of nononseparable modes are taking relevance as an academic tool to simulate quantum key distribution protocols, see for example [197,198] and references therein.…”