“…Since its introduction in the 1960s, ANNs continued to provide a powerful framework for modeling nonlinear systems, and they were used in a wide variety of engineering applications, including automatic control [ 24 ], solar energy systems [ 25 ], traffic and transportation [ 26 ], image processing [ 27 ], optimization of structures [ 28 ], materials science and engineering [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], manufacturing [ 33 ], fracture mechanics, and fault detection [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. In fracture mechanics, ANNs were mostly used in applications concerned with crack propagation, fatigue life, and failure mode prediction [ 34 ].…”