“…In recent years, deep learning methods, such as stacked auto-encoder (SAE) (Qiu and Dai, 2019; Zheng and Zhao, 2020), DBN (Yu and Liu, 2020; Yu and Yan, 2019), convolutional neural network (Zhao et al , 2019; Wu and Zhao, 2018) and long short-term memory (Han et al , 2020; Yuan et al , 2020), have been developed and widely applied in many scenarios, and they have played an important role in minimizing feature redundancy and capturing significant features. Deep learning methods are currently the most appealing feature extraction technology that has achieved brilliant success in processing high-dimensional complex data (Wang et al , 2020).…”