“…These databases are mainly used in deep learning applications for plant organs and whole plant imagery (Li et al, 2020) and plant organ databases have been applied in studies of morphological traits such as leaf area and shape (Taghavi Namin et al, 2018; Dobrescu et al, 2020), as well as counting leaves (Giuffrida et al, 2018; Ubbens et al, 2018; Ghosal et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2019; Zhou et al, 2019), fruit and other organs (Bauer et al, 2019; Milella et al, 2019; Afonso et al, 2020; Gong et al, 2020; Khaki et al, 2020; Misra et al, 2020). Furthermore, deep learning has been employed to detect developmental stages like flowering (Wang et al, 2019) or to assess root architectural traits (Atkinson et al, 2019; Yasrab et al, 2019; Teramoto and Uga, 2020; Yasrab et al, 2021), water and nutrient use efficiency (Takahashi and Pradal, 2021) or even to predict yield (Bauer et al, 2019; Khaki et al, 2020) in response to unfavorable conditions, including biotic and abiotic stresses (Ghosal et al, 2018; Singh et al, 2018; Gao et al, 2020; Nagasubramanian et al, 2020; Kamarudin et al, 2021; Singh et al, 2021). Improvements to deep learning architectures can be incorporated during the design, training, and validation stages.…”