“…Compared with traditional statistical models, the proposed machine learning methods, such as deep learning, gradient boosting, random Forest, and ensemble methods, improved the accuracy of predicting daily concentrations of PM 2.5 . However, statistical models have limitations and are less informative when dealing with non-linearity and data change over time compared to PM 2.5 models based on artificial intelligence [ 14 ]. Machine-learning-based methods used in PM 2.5 forecasting have shown different results in different geographical locations, such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tehran, and Ho Chi Minh City, due to temporal and spatial characteristics and weather conditions.…”