“…(Ghosh‐Dastidar & Adeli, 2003; X. Jiang & Adeli, 2005) and subsequently investigated using advanced models such as graphic DL (Y. Zhang, Cheng, et al., 2019) and 3D CNN (Tang et al., 2020). Combined with another sibling (AI technique reinforcement learning (RL)) to yield DRL, DL has also been applied to operational control and planning tasks in transportation such as traffic signal control (Wu et al., 2019) and pavement maintenance planning (Yao et al., 2020). Besides these successful applications, DRL has been used in multiple complex CAV driving control tasks including lane‐keeping and obstacle avoidance (El Sallab et al., 2017; S. Chen, Leng, et al., 2020), lane‐changing (Dong, Chen, Li, Du, et al., 2021; Dong, Chen, Li, Ha, et al., 2020; Huegle et al., 2020), merging maneuvers (Saxena et al., 2019), crossing traffic avoidance (Wang et al., 2020), and roundabout driving (J. Chen, Yuan, et al., 2019).…”