“…These methods, however, often necessitate extensive labeled datasets for training, a significant impediment given the rarity and unpredictability of seismic anomalies. The current zenith of anomaly detection methodology in seismology is epitomized by unsupervised learning algorithms, which do not require labeled data and are adept at handling the data-rich but label-sparse reality of seismic monitoring (Dramsch, Christensen, MacBeth, & Lüthje, 2021). The Isolation Forest algorithm has emerged as a leading-edge tool, designed to isolate anomalies rather than model the 'normal' data, an approach that is inherently suitable for the seismic domain where 'normal' is a fluid and elusive concept (Heigl et al, 2021;Lesouple, Baudoin, Spigai, & Tourneret, 2021).…”