Deep well injection of brine from Paradox Valley, Colorado: Potential major precipitation problems remediated by nanofiltration

Kharaka, Yousif K.; Ambats, Gil; Thordsen, James J.; Davis, Roy A.

doi:10.1029/97wr00573

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This technique has also been used in some desalination plants, using depleted oil wells. Deep injection has been carried out in the United States [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uses of the reject brine from inland desalination for fish farming, Spirulina cultivation, and irrigation of forage shrub and crops

2015

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“…This technique has also been used in some desalination plants, using depleted oil wells. Deep injection has been carried out in the United States [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uses of the reject brine from inland desalination for fish farming, Spirulina cultivation, and irrigation of forage shrub and crops

2015

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“…Brine dilution resulted from concerns that 100% PVB injection would precipitate excessive calcium sulfate at depth and block injection (Karakha et al, 1997). In late 2001, PVU reexamined this threat and considered it sufficiently reduced after years of injection to inject 100% PVB.…”

Section: Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of a temperature log survey conducted in June 2001 suggested significant near-wellbore cooling had occurred over the previous six years of continuous injection. Since calcium sulfate precipitation is believed to be reduced significantly at temperatures below the observed pre-injection formation temperatures (Karakha et al, 1997), in January 2002, PVU change injectate chemistry from 70:30 PVB-to-fresh-water to 100% PVB. This changed the specific gravity of the injectate from 1.12 to 1.17 and correspondingly increased downhole pressure ϳ2 MPa at ϳ4.3 km (Table 2).…”

Section: Continuous Injection May 1996-presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at Paradox Valley, Colorado

Ake

Mahrer

O’Connell

et al. 2005

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

159

114

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The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Paradox Valley Unit (PVU) extracts aquifer brine from nine shallow wells along the Dolores River, Paradox Valley, in southwestern Colorado and, after treating, high pressure injects the brine 4.3-4.8 km below the surface. PVU injects at rates between ϳ800 and ϳ1300 L/min. Since 1991, PVU has emplaced over 4 ‫ן‬ 10 6 m 3 of fluid and induced more than 4000 surfacerecorded seismic events. The events are recorded on the local 15-station Paradox Valley Seismic Network. The induced seismicity at Paradox separates into two distinct source zones: a principle zone (Ͼ95% of the events) asymmetrically surrounding the injection well to a maximum radial distance of ϳ3 km, and a secondary, ellipsoidal zone, ϳ2.5 km long and centered ϳ8 km northwest of the injection well. The expansion of these zones has stabilized since mid-1999, about three years after the onset of continuous injection. Within the principal zone, hypocenters align in distinct linear patterns, showing at-depth stratigraphy and the local Wray Mesa fracture and fault system. The primary faults of the Wray Mesa system are aseismic, striking subparallel to the inferred maximum principal stress direction, with one or more faults, probably, acting as fluid conduits to the secondary seismic zone. Individual seismic events, in both zones, do not discernibly correlate with short-term injection parameters; however, a 0.5 km 2 region immediately northwest of the injection well responds to long-term, large-scale changes in injection rate and the surpassing of a threshold injection pressure. Focal mechanisms of the induced events are consistent with simple double-couple, strike-slip moments and subhorizontal extension to the northeast. In addition, the fault planes are consistent with principal stress directions determined from borehole breakouts. More than 99.9% of the PVU seismicity is below human detection (ϳM 2.5). However, approximately 15 events have been felt locally, with the largest being a magnitude M 4.3. Because of the M 4.3 and two earlier-felt M ϳ3.5 events and injection economics, PVU changed injection strategies three times since 1996. These changes reduced seismicity from ϳ1100 events/year to as low as ϳ60 events/year.

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“…Due to this exposed salt anticline, before the initiation of deep injection wells, the Dolores river picked up approximately 185,000 metric tons of salt annually as it flowed across the valley (Kharaka et al, 1997;King et al, 2014). A series of diffuse brine springs discharge about 260,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved salts into the river.…”

Section: The Environment Of Coloradomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Paradoxical Collection in the Cabinets: Establishing a Site Chronology of SDSU-0897, 5MN191, from Paradox Valley, Colorado

Turner¹

2018

Preprint

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Site 5MN191, also referred to as the Paradox 1 site, was excavated in a 1970’s field school located in Montrose County, Colorado and run by San Diego State University, then California State University, San Diego. The head of the field school, Dr. Larry Leach, theorized that the site was associated with the Fremont cultural group, and a large portion of the artifacts were taken back to SDSU for further study. After a thesis was completed in 1972, the artifacts were stored in the Collections Management Program, where they resided until a flood in the late 1970s damaged a large portion of the Collections Management facility. The flood destroyed most, if not all, of the field notes and associated documents for the Paradox 1 site, washing away much of the provenience information. This study aimed to do two things: First, it sought to rehabilitate and describe the collection. Second, it attempted to create a cultural chronology of the site using an analysis of the projectile points and ceramic fragments.

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Deep well injection of brine from Paradox Valley, Colorado: Potential major precipitation problems remediated by nanofiltration

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Uses of the reject brine from inland desalination for fish farming, Spirulina cultivation, and irrigation of forage shrub and crops

Uses of the reject brine from inland desalination for fish farming, Spirulina cultivation, and irrigation of forage shrub and crops

Deep-Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at Paradox Valley, Colorado

The Paradoxical Collection in the Cabinets: Establishing a Site Chronology of SDSU-0897, 5MN191, from Paradox Valley, Colorado

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