DEEPLY COLOURED AND BLACK GLASS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BEFORE AND AFTER <scp>ad</scp> 150*

linden, Veerle Van; Cosyns, Peter; Schalm, Olivier; Cagno, Simone; Nys, Karin; Janssens, Koen; Nowak, Anna; Wagner, Barbara; Bulska, Ewa

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00434.x

Cited by 61 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Figure S3 (Supporting information) shows the spectra of different colored glass fragments. A special group of samples is that which appears black [22,27] (dark olive green when visible light is sent trough), giving clear Raman spectra (Fig. 6).…”

Section: Roman Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

Baert

Meulebroeck

Wouters

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Raman spectroscopy has been used to identify iron-containing glasses. This nondestructive technique offers a fast method to obtain qualitative information about the presence of iron oxides in glass. The effect of the iron content in glass samples is reflected on the topology of the Raman spectra: A strong link between the ratio of the Q 2 /Q 3 vibration units of the silica tetrahedral structure is seen. If matrix effects are taken into account, also (semi)quantitative results can be obtained from the calibration lines. The linear calibration is based on the normalized band intensity at 980 cm −1 (I 980 /I 1090 ) and the iron oxide concentration for similar glasses. In amber and dark colored glasses, an extra peak in the spectrum indicates the presence of a FeS chromophore. Different series of glasses of various origins (ancient and modern/industrial glass) have been considered.

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Section: Roman Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

Baert

Meulebroeck

Wouters

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…The first (black/green glass) can be confidently attributed to the Syro-Levantine glass type, with a significant voluntary addition of iron in order to render the glass black, while the second (brown glass) has a more difficult interpretation. Compositions of more samples of dark glass from the Iron Age to late Antiquity have also been reported; these are all of the Syro-Levantine high-iron type [22].…”

Section: Black-appearing Glass In Antiquitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large quantities of purple glass jewelry dating from the late La Tène period (second to first century BC) have been found in the central area of the Netherlands. The composition of a number of fragments of such glass has been published [22]. This glass has a composition similar to naturally colored natron-based glass, but with a high content of manganese.…”

Section: Black-appearing Glass In Antiquitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Black–Appearing Roman Glass

Cagno

Cosyns

Nys

et al. 2013

Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass

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In this chapter we discuss the possibility of using small segments of the whole glass production of a certain age to elucidate the global chronology and the geographical origin of glass in the period of interest. In particular, deeply coloured and black-appearing glass dating to the Roman Age (first century BC-fifth century AD) has been quantitatively analysed in order to extract information that can help our understanding of the organization of glassmaking, trade and glassworking in that era.A large number of archaeological glass fragments from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire has been gathered and analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and laser ablation-inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).The glass samples analysed are macroscopically black, however, when the glass is examined in thin layers, a distinction appears between actual black glass (no hue perceived) and deeply coloured glass (a dark brown/purple/green tint can be seen). Background Roman Glassmaking and Glass MarketGlassblowing, introduced halfway through the first century BC, contributed to turning glass from an expensive material into an affordable commodity. As a consequence the glass market expanded and large amounts of glass were produced in order to satisfy the needs of consumers in Rome and its provinces. In this context it is interesting to explore the dynamics of the two different steps of glass production, namely glassmaking and glassworking.

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“…In only one brown tessera from Pordenone, labelled PN M2, potash and magnesia exceed the compositional limits of natron (Table 2) and are consistent with a plant-ash-based glass [33], which is seldom identified in deeply colored Roman glasses [34,35] or opaque red glasses dated to the Roman and Byzantine times [36].…”

Section: Glassy Matricesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mosaic of Colors: Investigating Production Technologies of Roman Glass Tesserae from Northeastern Italy

Maltoni

Silvestri

2018

Minerals

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In the current study, a set of 60 glass tesserae from two disrupted Roman mosaics located in Pordenone and Trento (northeastern Italy) are analyzed, with the aim of investigating the coloring and opacification techniques, with a focus on the causes of specific textural features. All the available colors and textures were selected for archaeometric analyses, in order to guarantee the full characterization of both assemblages and comparisons between the two sites. The applied analytical protocol comprises micro-textural and preliminary chemical characterizations of the tesserae by means of OM and SEM-EDS, mineralogical analysis of the opacifiers by XRD and chemical analysis of the glassy matrices by EPMA; in addition, on specific tesserae, micro-Raman spectroscopy, FORS, and EPR were also performed to clarify the type of opacifer, coloring ion and oxidation state, respectively. Results show that both the base-glass and the coloring/opacification techniques identified are consistent with the presumed Roman dating of the mosaics. All the tesserae are natron-based and chemically comparable with major Roman compositional groups, except for red samples. Antimony-based opacifiers are identified in most of the blue, turquoise, white, yellow and green tesserae, and copper-based opacifiers in the red ones; cobalt and copper are the most frequent ionic colorants used to obtain various shades of blue, turquoise and green colors. Despite the general comparability of both assemblages with the published data on glass tesserae coeval in age, the present study shows differences in the technological solutions used for obtaining the same color, and less common coloring and opacification techniques in three samples from Pordenone. The banded textures of some tesserae were also carefully investigated, and multiple factors influencing the changes in color (different distribution or relative abundance of opacifiers, crystal size, micro-texture, chemical composition of glassy matrix) are identified.

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DEEPLY COLOURED AND BLACK GLASS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BEFORE AND AFTER ad 150*

Cited by 61 publications

References 16 publications

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

Black–Appearing Roman Glass

A Mosaic of Colors: Investigating Production Technologies of Roman Glass Tesserae from Northeastern Italy

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