Deer antler regeneration: Cells, concepts, and controversies

Kierdorf, Uwe; Kierdorf, Horst; Szuwart, Thomas

doi:10.1002/jmor.10546

Cited by 67 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Lincoln, 1992;Kierdorf et al, 2007;Price and Allen, 2004). However, little is known about the mechanical properties of the antler when it is used for fighting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting

Currey

Landete‐Castillejos

Estévez

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

114

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SUMMARYWe assessed the hydration state of antlers and its effect on antler mechanical properties compared with wet femur. Red deer antlers were removed from the head at various times, from a few days after velvet shedding till late in the season, and weighed weekly until after casting time. Antlers cut just after losing their velvet lost weight rapidly in the first few weeks, then settled down and changed weight very little, the latter changes correlating with air relative humidity. Antlers cut later showed little weight change at any time. The water content of cortical and trabecular parts of the contralateral antler was assessed after cutting. Most of the weight loss was from the cancellous, not the cortical, part of the antler. Wet and dry specimens from the antlers, and wet specimens from deer femora, were tested mechanically. Compared with wet bone, wet antler had a much lower modulus of elasticity and bending strength, but a higher work to fracture. Compared with wet bone, dry antler showed a somewhat lower Young's modulus, but a considerably higher bending strength and a much higher work to fracture. The impact energy absorption of dry antler was much greater than that of wet bone. In red deer, the antler is effectively dry during its use in fights, at least in southern Spain. In addition, dry antler, compared with ordinary bone, shows mechanical properties that suit it admirably for its fighting function.

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“…Lincoln, 1992;Kierdorf et al, 2007;Price and Allen, 2004). However, little is known about the mechanical properties of the antler when it is used for fighting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting

Currey

Landete‐Castillejos

Estévez

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

114

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“…According to previous reports, the phenomenon of exfoliation of organs is closely related with regeneration [1][2][3][4][5][6]. As primate mammals, human beings have only one organ exfoliation experience all through our lives, which is the exfoliation of primary teeth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Modulate Root Resorption of Human Primary Teeth via Runx2 Regulating RANKL/OPG System

Wang

Dong

et al. 2014

Stem Cells and Development

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Physiological primary teeth exfoliation is a normal phenomenon during teeth development. However, retained primary teeth can often be observed in the patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) caused by mutation of Runx2. The potential regulative mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were derived from different resorbed stages of primary teeth and permanent teeth from normal patients and primary teeth from CCD patient. The proliferative, osteogenic and osteoclast-inductive capacities of PDLSCs from each group were detected. We demonstrated here that the proliferative ability of PDLSCs was reduced while the osteogenic and the osteoclast-inductive capacity of PDLSCs were enhanced during root resorption. The results also showed that PDLSCs from permanent teeth and CCD patient expressed low level of Runx2 and RANKL while high level of OPG. However, expression of Runx2 and RANKL were increased while expression of OPG was decreased in PDLSCs derived from resorbed teeth. Furthermore, Runx2 regulating the expression of RANKL and OPG and the osteoclast-inductive capacity of PDLSCs were confirmed by gain or loss of function assay. These data suggest that PDLSCs promote osteoclast differentiation via Runx2 upregulating RANKL and downregulating OPG, leading to enhanced root resorption that results in physiological exfoliation of primary teeth.

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“…Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry demonstrated early formation of a basal lamina during antler regeneration. This basal lamina is established in peripheral areas of the healing casting wound at a time when epithelialization of the more central wound areas has not yet been completed [13,15] . Histological studies further showed that the epidermal ingrowth is accompanied by that of the dermis so that, within a matter of days, the casting wound area is overlain by a layer of skin rather than just a wound epidermis [39,42] .…”

Section: Hard Antlers Antler Casting and Wound Healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, antler regeneration is considered a stem cell-based process [13][14][15] , a view that is based on different lines of evidence. Thus, studies in red deer and fallow deer have demonstrated that the PP contains cells expressing different stem cell markers (CD9, OCT-4, Nanog, STRO-1) [15,63] .…”

Section: Histo-and Morphogenesis Of the Regenerating Antlermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rotation of the AP by 180° caused a reversed anterior-posterior axis of the subsequently formed antlers, indicating that the AP carries morphogenetic information for axial orientation of the antler [25] . Since it has been shown that in mice the frontal bones are formed by cells of neural crest origin [26] , it has been argued that the AP, pedicles, and antlers of deer are also neural crest derivatives [13] .…”

Section: Significance Of the Antlerogenic Periosteum For Pedicle And mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deer Antlers – A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration: An Extensive Review

Kierdorf

2010

Gerontology

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Background: Compared with other vertebrate taxa, mammals possess a very limited capacity for appendage regeneration. The antlers of deer are an exception in that they are periodically lost and fully regenerated throughout the life of an individual. Objective: In this paper we compare certain aspects of antler regeneration with regenerative processes in other vertebrates. Methods: Review of the literature. Results: Recent studies suggest that antler regeneration is a stem cell-based process and that these stem cells are located in the pedicle periosteum. There is evidence that signaling pathways known to operate during appendage regeneration in other vertebrates are also activated during antler regeneration. There are, however, also differences between antlers and other systems of epimorphic regeneration. Thus, contrary to amphibian limb regeneration, signaling from the wound epidermis appears not to be of crucial importance for antler regeneration. Healing of the casting wound typically involves no or only minor scarring, making antlers interesting subjects for researchers attempting to reduce scar formation during wound healing in humans. The fact that despite their enormous growth rate the antlers of intact and castrated deer appear to be resistant to malignant transformation furthermore offers research opportunities for cancer biology. Conclusions: Studying antler renewal as an example of mammalian appendage regeneration may provide crucial information for regenerative medicine to achieve its ultimate goal of stimulating limb regeneration in humans. A deeper understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved in antler renewal can also be useful for controlling induced regeneration processes in mammals.

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Deer antler regeneration: Cells, concepts, and controversies

Cited by 67 publications

References 75 publications

The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting

The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting

Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Modulate Root Resorption of Human Primary Teeth via Runx2 Regulating RANKL/OPG System

Deer Antlers – A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration: An Extensive Review

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