Defect Engineering in Biomedical Sciences

Abstract

With the promotion of nanochemistry research, large numbers of nanomaterials have been applied in vivo to produce desirable cytotoxic substances in response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli for achieving disease‐specific therapy. However, the performance of nanomaterials is a critical issue that is difficult to improve and optimize under biological conditions. Defect‐engineered nanoparticles have become the most researched hot materials in biomedical applications recently due to their excellent physicochemical properties, such as optical properties and redox reaction capabilities. Importantly, the properties of nanomaterials can be easily adjusted by regulating the type and concentration of defects in the nanoparticles without requiring other complex designs. Therefore, this tutorial review focuses on biomedical defect engineering and briefly discusses defect classification, introduction strategies, and characterization techniques. Several representative defective nanomaterials are especially discussed in order to reveal the relationship between defects and properties. A series of disease treatment strategies based on defective engineered nanomaterials are summarized. By summarizing the design and application of defective engineered nanomaterials, a simple but effective methodology is provided for researchers to design and improve the therapeutic effects of nanomaterial‐based therapeutic platforms from a materials science perspective.

Antimicrobial Activity of Citrate-Coated Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

“…A sample of 3 mL was taken for thermogravimetry. (7) The concentration of the resulting sol was determined by the thermogravimetric method (3 mL of solution was added and heated for 3 h to 900 • C, the temperature plateau of 900 • C was maintained for 2 h, and then there was gradual cooling at a heating/cooling rate of 3-5 degrees/min). (8) The remaining volume of the sol was transferred into a measuring beaker and placed on a magnetic stirrer at 60 • C for 40 min to evaporate the isopropyl alcohol (until the odor disappeared).…”

“…This is explained by the fact that nanoparticles and nanomaterials exhibit specific physical and chemical properties that are atypical for all materials [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. This has even led to the proposal of separate issues related to the explanation of the action of nanoparticles into a separate subsection of nanoscience [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. At the same time, concerns are being expressed that the widespread use of nanoparticles in various areas of human activity may have a detrimental effect on human health [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Oxygen Vacancy-engineered CeO 2 Mediated by Cu-Pt Exhibit Enhanced SOD/CAT-mimicking Activities to Regulate the Microenvironment for Osteoarthritis Therapy

“…Here, a "defect engineering construction strategy" [27] was employed to develop PtCuO X /CeO 2 − X nanozymes as highly e cient SOD/CAT mimics by introducing bimetallic Cu and Pt into CeO 2 microspheres to enhance the oxygen vacancies, in an attempt to combine NIR irradiation to regulate microenvironment for OA therapy. As expected, the Cu and Pt increased the Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ ratio of CeO 2 to signi cantly enhance the oxygen vacancies, and simultaneously CeO 2 (111) facilitated the uniform dispersion of Cu and Pt.…”

A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications

“…There is a need for more efficient synthesis methods for large-scale production, as well as improved control over dopant inclusion and defect engineering. Integrating into intricate device designs and connecting with other materials provide challenges [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ].…”