Defects and domain engineering of lithium niobate crystals

Recent Developments in the Methods and Applications of the Bond Valence Model

“…They explore the influence of M = Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ and In 3+ , using bond graphs like those shown in Figure to help assign the bond valences. In later papers , they develop a more sophisticated model with oxygen defects and some Nb 4+ occupying Li + sites. They explore the distribution of the impurity atoms by calculating the discrepancy factor (eq ) around each unrelaxed impurity atom when placed on either the Li or Nb site and assume that the site with the lowest discrepancy factor is the likely site for the impurity as described in more detail in section 8.3.…”

Photorefractive property dependence on chemical composition of cerium-doped lithium niobate single crystal

“…As known from [21], LN crystal structure consists of distorted oxygen octahedra by sharing their common faces or edges, thus forms a trigonal (c-axial) lattice in its crystallographic frame. Congruent LN crystals grown from the melt with the Li-deficiency constitution contain several percent of intrinsic defects.…”

Effect of heating rate on the crystal composition of ferroelectric lithium niobate crystallites

“…To open new perspectives for application, the defect structure of LN crystals (including both extrinsic and intrinsic defects) has been attracting much attention. Some researches have well demonstrated that the successful protection of Li-sites is a key point to effectively control the stoichiometry of LN materials [4][5][6][7][8][9]. High quality LN single crystals are often grown from high quality LN powders, therefore, the step of synthesizing LN powders is crucial for obtaining high quality LN crystals.…”