Defensible Space: A New Physical Planning Tool for Urban Revitalization

Newman, Oscar

doi:10.1080/01944369508975629

Cited by 104 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…Firstly, developments with high levels of through-movement provide ease of entry and escape for potential offenders (Rubenstein et al, 1980;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987;Poyner and Webb, 1991). The operation of this mechanism has been demonstrated through the crime reductions observed following physical changes to the layout of existing residential areas, such as the closure of streets (Matthews, 1992;Atlas and LeBlanc, 1994;Newman, 1995Newman, , 1996Lasley, 1998;Zavoski et al, 1999, Eck, 2002. Secondly, developments with high levels of throughmovement are more likely to fall within the activity space, and therefore awareness space, of potential offenders (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1984) with offenders selecting targets properties as they take part in day to day activities (Letkemann, 1973;Feeney, 1986;Gabor et al, 1987;Poyner and Webb, 1991;Rengert and Wasilchick, 2000;Wiles and Costello 2000).…”

Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The table below summarises the literature reviewed on the impact of through-movement on levels of crime within residential developments, highlighting the dominance of studies concluding that higher levels of through movement increase the risk of crime. Armitage (2006) Being located on a travel path increases the risk of crime Letkemann (1973) Brantingham (1984) Feeney (1986) Gabor et al (1987) Poyner andWebb (1991) Wiles and Costello (2000) Rengert and Wasilchick (2000) Being located on a culs-de-sac, or a development with low connectivity, reduces the risk of crime Bevis and Nutter (1977) Johnson and Bowers (2010) Closing off streets reduces crime Matthews (1992) Atlas and LeBlanc (1994) Newman (1995Newman ( ,1996 Lasley (1998) Zavoski et al (1999) Eck (2002 Being located on a leaky culs-de-ac increases the risk of crime Hillier (2004) Armitage (2006) Being located on a development with high levels of permeability/connectivity/through movement reduces the risk of crime Hillier and Shu (1998) Shu (2000) Hillier (2004) Hillier and Sahbaz (2009) The review of policy and guidance documents revealed several areas of contention regarding through-movement and connectivity. Manual for Streets (Department for Transport, 2007) highlights that street networks should be connected to encourage walking and cycling and that connectivity within and between developments is important.…”

Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

Armitage

Monchuk

Rogerson

2010

Eur J Crim Policy Res

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This paper reports on the findings of a collaborative project (funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment -CABE) which was conducted in late 2009 and early 2010. The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of design on a range of crime types -with a specific focus upon housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. This paper presents the findings of an in-depth assessment of the impact of housing design features on crime. Utilising a comprehensive data collection exercise, the specific design features of thousands of homes were collated and assessed against police recorded crime data. The design features were based upon the key elements of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) including road layout, house design, surveillance, territoriality, car parking, communal space, management and maintenance and physical security. The unique and painstaking methodology not only provided an excellent dataset for analysis, but also highlighted the need both for greater conceptual clarity within CPTED and for crime-risk assessments to be based on the careful operationalisation and measurement of CPTED factors. As well as assessing the impact of specific (and combined) design features upon crime, the research also resulted in the production of a new data collection tool designed to address the weaknesses of existing checklists in assessing innovative contemporary developments, which are often unconventional in nature. The paper explores the degree of conflict and/or synergy between the traditional principles of CPTED and contemporary directions in architecture and design. Finally the paper considers the extent to which traditional CPTED principles remain relevant within contemporary residential developments and explores whether areas of revision are required.

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Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

Armitage

Monchuk

Rogerson

2010

Eur J Crim Policy Res

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“…En la década de 1970 se estudió ampliamente cómo el ambiente construido influenciaba el comportamiento de las personas. Al respecto, Jeffrey (1977) estableció pautas tipológicas para prevenir el crimen a través del diseño, y Newman (1975;1995;Newman y Franck, 1982), a su vez, lo hizo estudiando el comportamiento de los residentes en edificios subsidiados por el Estado, en respuesta al alarmante incremento en los índices de criminalidad en los Estados Unidos. En su libro Espacio defendible (Newman, 1973) se advierte que la probabilidad de crimen aumenta cuando los edificios superan los cinco pisos y se encuentran rodeados de grandes extensiones de terreno.…”

Section: Mecanismos De Medición De Los Espacios Públicosunclassified

Medir el uso del espacio público urbano seguro

O’Byrne¹

2017

soc.eco

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ResumenEl artículo aborda la medición del uso del espacio público como estrategia para mejorar la actitud frente a la seguridad, de tal manera que dicha seguridad no suponga una barrera para la revaloración de barrios. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en cuatro aspectos: la noción de barrio y el miedo como operador de la seguridad, la seguridad como agente de decisión para el uso del espacio, los mecanismos para medir espacio seguro, y las prácticas espaciales cotidianas. Esta revisión bibliográfica se pone en diálogo con una investigación denominada Ciudad Vital (Cárdenas, 2016), realizada en las ciudades colombianas de Palmira (2014) y Cali (2016). Se trata de generar alternativas para sumarse a las inquietudes de los autores consultados acerca de la medición del espacio público seguro y explorar una herramienta para el diseño urbano en términos de uso.Palabras clave: medición; diseño urbano; observación; prevención del crimen; cambio de actitud. AbstractThe article addresses the measurement of the use of public space as a strategy to improve the attitude towards security, in such a way that such security does not constitute a barrier to the revaluation of neighborhoods. For this, a bibliographic review was carried out in four aspects: the notion of neighborhood and fear as a security operator, the safety as a decision agent for the use of space, the mechanisms to measure safe space, and the daily spatial practices. This bibliographical review dialogues with a research called Ciudad Vital (Cárdenas, 2016), carried 1 Artículo de revisión bibliográfica que busca aportar a la reflexión sobre el espacio público seguro de la investigación terminada titulada "Ciudad vital: una propuesta de espacios públicos urbanos seguros y vitales para Cali, Colombia" (02010094), financiada con recursos de la convocatoria interna de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Cali, Colombia) para el periodo enero-diciembre de 2016. La reflexión también forma parte de la ponencia "El uso del espacio público urbano y la actitud frente a la seguridad: una metodología", durante el XII Seminario de Investigación Urbana y Regional de la Asociación Colombiana de Investigadores Urbano Regionales (ACIUR), 2016, donde se mostraron los resultados en Palmira. 2 Doctora en Arquitectura.

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“…7 A recent report ( Langdon, 2010 ) suggests that the additional cost of building a property to the SBD standard may be much lower than the £ 795 suggested by Armitage (unpublished) In addition to evaluations of the SBD scheme as a whole, there has been an abundance of studies that have revealed that the principles upon which SBD is based each work to reduce crime, disorder and the fear of crime. These include: increasing physical security ( Cromwell and Olson, 1991 ;Budd, 2001 ;Armitage, 2006 ); minimising access, through-movement and connectivity ( Rubenstein et al , 1980 ;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987 ;Van der Voordt and Van Wegen, 1990 ;White, 1990 ;Poyner and Webb, 1991 ;Matthews, 1992 ;Atlas and LeBlanc, 1994 ;Beavon et al , 1994 ;Newman, 1995Newman, , 1996Bevis and Nutter, 1977 ;Lasley, 1998 ;Mirlees-Black et al , 1998 ;Rengert and Hakim, 1998 ;Zavoski et al , 1999 ;Hakim et al , 2001 ;Taylor, 2002 ;Nubani and Wineman, 2005 ;Armitage, 2006 ;Yang, 2006 ;Johnson and Bowers, 2010 ); increasing surveillance ( Reppetto, 1974 ;Winchester and Jackson, 1982 ;Brown and Altman, 1983 ;Coleman, 1986 ;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987 ;Van der Voordt and Van Wegen, 1990 ;Cromwell and Olson, 1991 ;Brown and Bentley, 1993 ;Groff and LaVigne, 2001 ); and managing and maintaining developments …”

Section: Evaluating the Effectiveness Of Sbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustaining the crime reduction impact of designing out crime: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design scheme 10 years on

Armitage

Monchuk

2010

Secur J

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Secured by Design (SBD) is an award scheme that aims to encourage housing developers to design out crime at the planning or concept stage. The scheme is managed by the Association of Chief Police Offi cers Crime Reduction Initiatives (ACPO CPI) while the dayto-day delivery of the scheme is conducted by Architectural Liaison Offi cers (ALOs) or Crime Prevention Design Advisors (CPDAs) working for individual police forces throughout the United Kingdom. The scheme sets standards for compliance that developments must meet to be awarded SBD status. This article presents the fi ndings of research conducted over a 10-year period (1999 -2009) into the effectiveness of the SBD scheme as a crime reduction measure. Utilising a variety of methods, the research aims to establish whether residents living within SBD developments experience less crime and fear of crime than their non-SBD counterparts; whether SBD developments show less visual signs of crime and disorder than their non-SBD counterparts; and fi nally, whether properties built to the SBD standard are able to sustain any crime reduction benefi ts over a 10-year period.

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Defensible Space: A New Physical Planning Tool for Urban Revitalization

Cited by 104 publications

References 0 publications

It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

Medir el uso del espacio público urbano seguro

Sustaining the crime reduction impact of designing out crime: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design scheme 10 years on

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