Defensive Investment in Municipal Water Hardness Reduction

Farah, Naima; Torell, Gregory L.

doi:10.1029/2018wr024422

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The difference in the length of contact disaffection decreases the level of water hardness in the filtration and absorption processes. Filtration or filtering is the initial process in water treatment which is carried out physically to separate particles in water (Farah et al, 2019). In this filtration process, there is a process of separating solids from the solution to remove very fine suspended particles, where the solution is passed through a porous medium or porous material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bamboo Charcoal on pH and Hardware in Dailed Well Water

Lensoni

Karma²,

Wilianda³

2023

jppipa, pendidikan ipa, fisika, biologi, kimia

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The problem that is often encountered in clean water is that the quality of the water, both groundwater and river water used by the community, does not meet the requirements of healthy clean water. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of activated charcoal from bamboo on pH and decrease the hardness level of dug well water in the village of Lampoh Keude, Aceh Besar. This study used a Quasi-experimental method, water obtained from residents' wells was processed using the filtration and adsorption method, the filtration media was made using media with a volume of 20 liters which had been modified using sand with a thickness of 10 cm, 10 cm of palm fiber, and 10 gravel cm. The highest pH increase test results occurred in TH III AB media where the resulting pH was 7.7 ± 0.01 compared to 4.5 before processing. The same thing also happened to a decrease in the hardness level of residents' well water, where the thickness of the charcoal and the length of contact time greatly affected the test results, from the results of the 3 existing media tests, the best results were obtained by TH III AB media with a contact time of 30 minutes where the level The hardness obtained was 279 ± 3.46 mg/L or a decrease of 47.1% from the initial hardness level of well waste. There is an increase in the pH value of well water after processing, and that the use of bamboo charcoal can also reduce the hardness level of well water

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bamboo Charcoal on pH and Hardware in Dailed Well Water

Lensoni

Karma²,

Wilianda³

2023

jppipa, pendidikan ipa, fisika, biologi, kimia

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“…Up to now, several technologies, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane separation, have been developed for water softening. 6,7 Despite their high effectiveness, tackling the challenges associated with chemical input, concentrated brine handling, and material regeneration is still on the way. 8 Recently, electrochemical-induced precipitation has been proposed as a sustainable alternative, avoiding the addition of reagents and the discharge of concentrated brine.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term use of water with high hardness will not only cause bad corrosion and scaling but also induce possible adverse health effects. − Therefore, point-of-entry water-softening devices are highly desirable in many households, as the maximum permissible tap-water hardness is still high (e.g., 450 mg/L for the national standard in China). Up to now, several technologies, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane separation, have been developed for water softening. , Despite their high effectiveness, tackling the challenges associated with chemical input, concentrated brine handling, and material regeneration is still on the way . Recently, electrochemical-induced precipitation has been proposed as a sustainable alternative, avoiding the addition of reagents and the discharge of concentrated brine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of Electric and Flow Fields to Enhance Ion Transport for Energy-Efficient Electrochemical Tap-Water Softening

Li,

Xu,

Tao

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Electrochemical-induced precipitation is a sustainable approach for tap-water softening, but the hardness removal performance and energy efficiency are vastly limited by the ultraslow ion transport and the superlow local HCO 3 − /Ca 2+ ratio compared to the industrial scenarios. To tackle the challenges, we herein report an energy-efficient electrochemical tap-water softening strategy by utilizing an integrated cathode−anode−cathode (CAC) reactor in which the direction of the electric field is reversed to that of the flow field in the upstream cell, while the same in the downstream cell. As a result, the transport of ions, especially HCO 3 − , is significantly accelerated in the downstream cell under a flow field. The local HCO 3 − /Ca 2+ ratio is increased by 1.5 times, as revealed by the finite element numerical simulation and in situ imaging. In addition, a continuous flow electrochemical system with an integrated CAC reactor is operated for 240 h to soften tap water. Experiments show that a much lower cell voltage (9.24 V decreased) and energy consumption (28% decreased) are obtained. The proposed ion-transport enhancement strategy by coupled electric and flow fields provides a new perspective on developing electrochemical technologies to meet the flexible and economic demand for tap-water softening.

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“…Previous studies investigated the effect of nanofiltration membrane type (TW30, NE70 and NE90) and feed pressure on ion rejection and reported that the TW30 membrane at a pressure of 10 bar produced the highest removal of calcium, magnesium and chloride, with 96.1, 98.7 and 90.3%, respectively [11]. Cavitation is a physical phenomenon consisting of the formation, growth and subsequent collapse of cavities that occur in small time intervals, releasing large levels of energy[ [12] [13]. The hydrodynamic cavitation performance is affected by various parameters such as inlet pressure, cavitation device, location of the cavitation device, flow rate, diameter and material of the pipe, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Cavitation as Pretreatment for Removal of Hardness From Reverse Osmosis Reject Water

Medina Collana,

Hurtado,

Ramirez

et al. 2023

ijmst

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In the present investigation, the treatment of reverse osmosis reject water hardness by hydrodynamic cavitation with the addition of sodium bicarbonate was studied. Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), which is formed as a result of fluid pressure and velocity variation, has attracted great attention in industrial wastewater treatment due to its simple design and ease of operation. The influence of wastewater recirculation flow rate and the number of holes in the metal plate on the percentage removal of calcium hardness was studied. The study used a two-factor factorial design with three levels, plates with( 3, 5 and 9 holes)and a recirculation flow rate of (0.6, 1 and 1.5 L/min) with a treatment time of 60 minutes. Calcium hardness, total dissolved solids, pH and liquid temperature were evaluated as a function of time. The results show that as the flow rate and the number of orifices increase, the percentage of hardness removal increases. A linear correlation of hardness removal with respect to flow rate and number of orifices in the metal plate is also observed. For the recirculation flow rate of 1.5 L/min and a plate with 9 holes, a maximum removal rate of 66.76 % was achieved. It was also observed that the temperature increases as a function of time, reaching up to 75°C, while pH and total dissolved solids decrease during the treatment time. Hydrodynamic cavitation represents an environmentally friendly mechanical treatment technology and, considering that the removal efficiency is higher than 60%, it is an alternative as a pretreatment for the removal of water hardness.

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Defensive Investment in Municipal Water Hardness Reduction

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of Bamboo Charcoal on pH and Hardware in Dailed Well Water

Effect of Bamboo Charcoal on pH and Hardware in Dailed Well Water

Coupling of Electric and Flow Fields to Enhance Ion Transport for Energy-Efficient Electrochemical Tap-Water Softening

Hydrodynamic Cavitation as Pretreatment for Removal of Hardness From Reverse Osmosis Reject Water

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