Defensive responses to phobic stimuli

Hare, Robert D.; Blevings, George

doi:10.1016/0301-0511(75)90002-2

Cited by 66 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In contrast to the results observed in individuals with specific phobia in response to feared stimuli (Fredrikson, 1981, Globisch et al, 1999Hare & Blevings, 1975; however see Flykt & Caldara, 2006), this study did not find an accelerative reaction in social phobic persons in response to angry schematic faces. This finding is consistent with a recent study by , who also did not observe accelerated heart rates in response to photographic angry faces in social phobic individuals.…”

Section: Heart Ratescontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…With a further increment in threat, the response changes from orienting to defence, and the heart rate increases after a temporary cardiac deceleration (e.g., Graham, 1979;Sokolov, 1966). Studies on individuals with specific phobia found clear evidence for accelerated heart rates when phobic individuals viewed pictures of their feared object (e.g., Fredrikson, 1981;Globisch, Hamm, Esteves, & Ö hman, 1999;Hare & Blevings, 1975). However, so far no study has investigated heart rate reactions to angry faces in social phobia.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Event-related potentials to schematic faces in social phobia

Kolassa

Musial

et al. 2007

Cognition & Emotion

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Social phobia has been associated with an attentional bias for angry faces. This study aimed at further characterising this attentional bias by investigating reaction times, heart rates, and ERPs while social phobics, spider phobics, and controls identified either the colour or the emotional quality of angry, happy, or neutral schematic faces. The emotional expression of angry faces did not interfere with the processing of their colour in social phobics, and heart rate, N170 amplitude and parietal late positive potentials (LPPs) of these subjects were also no different from those of non phobic subjects. However, social phobics showed generally larger P1 amplitudes than non phobic controls with spider phobic subjects in between. No general threat advantage for angry faces was found. All groups identified neutral schematic faces faster and showed larger late positive amplitudes to neutral than to emotional faces. Furthermore, in all groups the N170 was modulated by the emotional quality of faces. This effect was most pronounced in the emotion identification task.With a life-time prevalence rate of about 13% (see Furmark, 2002;Westenberg, & Liebowitz, 2004, for reviews), social phobia is one of the most frequent phobic disorders. Individuals with social phobia fear embarrassment, humiliation, or negative evaluation in social interaction and performance situations. Approval or disapproval is most directly signalled by facial expressions. For example, during dyadic interaction the display of anger in the face of one of the interaction partners is a common Correspondence should be addressed to: Iris Tatjana

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Section: Heart Ratescontrasting

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-related potentials to schematic faces in social phobia

Kolassa

Musial

et al. 2007

Cognition & Emotion

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“…Phobic subjects typically show a defense reflex in response to their feared object, characterized by a temporary cardiac deceleration followed by an acceleration (Fredrikson, 1981;Globisch et al, 1999;Hamm et al, 1997;Hare and Blevings, 1975). However, the present study found neither a more pronounced orienting response nor a defense response to angry faces in social phobic persons.…”

Section: Effect Of Emotionality On Heart Ratescontrasting

confidence: 96%

Psychophysiological correlates of face processing in social phobia

2006

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Social phobia has been associated with abnormal processing of angry faces, which directly signal disapproval a situation that social phobics fear. This study investigated the electrophysiological correlates of emotional face processing in socially phobic and non phobic individuals. Subjects identified either the gender (modified emotional Stroop task) or the expression of angry, happy, or neutral faces. Social phobics showed no deviations from controls in reaction times, heart rates, P1, or P2 amplitudes in response to angry faces, although elevated FSS scores were associated with higher P1 amplitudes in social phobic persons. In addition, social phobic persons showed enhanced right temporo parietal N170 amplitudes in response to angry faces in the emotion identification task. Furthermore, higher scores on the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) were associated as a trend with larger N170 amplitudes in response to angry faces in the emotion identification task.Thus, the present results suggest that social phobics show abnormalities in the early visual processing of angry faces, as reflected by the enhanced right hemispheric N170 when the emotion of the angry face was the focus of attention, while behavioral responses and heart rates showed no evidence for preferred processing of angry facial expressions.

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“…Control subjects did not show discriminatory responding be tween stimuli. Hare and Blevings [1975] compared spider phobics and controls on SCR amplitudes when they were exposed to pictures of spiders and neutral objects. As expected, the phobic group revealed larger SCRs to the spider pictures.…”

Section: The Electrodermal Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Hare and Blevings [1975] showed that it was possible to observe a conditioned HR acceleration in spider phobics by pairing the presentation of spider pic tures with tones. HR acceleration was elicited to the tones only after having been paired with the pictures.…”

Section: The Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiological Aspects of Phobic Fears: An Evaluative Review

Hugdahl¹

1988

Neuropsychobiology

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The present paper is a review of the use of psychophysiology in diagnosis and treatment of simple phobias. The paper begins with a definition and characterization of phobic fears, together with a description of prevalence rates, age onset, and gender differences. Acquisition is then discussed within a Three-Systems model. Psychophysiological measures are described, and the typical response patterns obtained in phobic reactions are outlined. Special attention is devoted to the paradoxical response seen in blood injury phobias, and the use of beta-blockers and other pharmacological drugs. The paper is ended with a discussion of Lang’s emotional imagery as a psychophysiological model for fear reactions and fear therapy.

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Defensive responses to phobic stimuli

Cited by 66 publications

References 19 publications

Event-related potentials to schematic faces in social phobia

Event-related potentials to schematic faces in social phobia

Psychophysiological correlates of face processing in social phobia

Psychophysiological Aspects of Phobic Fears: An Evaluative Review

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