Defensive style and the direction of gaze

Halperin, Jeff

doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90138-8

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The present results, however, provide little evidence to support the hypothesis that increased distractibility in dieters is due to affective changes associated with dieting. Although greater distractibility does appear to be related to high levels of trait anxiety (Halperin, 1986), the dieters tested in the present study were not highly trait anxious. Furthermore, neither state anxiety or depression (as measured by the BDI) were significantly greater during dieting, and even dietary restraint remained relatively unchanged.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…These differences, moreover, might be unrelated or only weakly related to dieting and dietary restraint. For instance, anxiety has been shown to be associated with increased distractibility (Halperin, 1986) and an impaired ability to focus attention (Fox, 1993), and perhaps frequent dieters display greater negative affect whether or not they are currently dieting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impaired cognitive functioning during spontaneous dieting

Green

Rogers

1995

Psychol. Med.

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SYNOPSISIn one of a continuing series of studies, the cognitive performance of normal weight female dieters was compared on two sessions, 3 weeks apart. Those who reported themselves as being on a weight-reducing diet on only one of the two sessions displayed poorer vigilance performance, slower reaction times and poorer immediate recall of words when they were dieting. In contrast, performance on a low processing load tapping task was unaffected. Self-report measures showed that dietary restraint, but not state anxiety or depression was increased during dieting. These results are interpreted in terms of an association between dieting behaviour and high levels of distractibility, and extend earlier findings by demonstrating that these deficits in cognitive performance are closely related to dieting or the perceived need to diet per se.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired cognitive functioning during spontaneous dieting

Green

Rogers

1995

Psychol. Med.

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“…Principally, the method of assessment was fairly rudimentary, but, in addition, the results are only informative for dental phobias and the study did not use as wide a range of concerns as did emotional Stroop studies. The ®ndings of De Jongh et al contrast with those obtained in a study by Halperin (1986), in which Byrne's (1961) Repression±Sensitization questionnaire was used to divide participants rather than a measure of anxiety. In this study, eye movements were accurately measured, and whereas the groups did not differ in the viewing of neutral slides, the sensitizers (people likely to have high trait anxiety) spent more time viewing the key parts of injury-related and sexrelated pictures than did the individuals lower in trait anxiety.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

An Examination of Hypervigilance for External Threat in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Individuals with Persecutory Delusions Using Visual Scan Paths

Freeman

Garety

Phillips

2000

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A

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One account of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is that it results from hypervigilance, manifest as excessive scanning of the external environment and preferential attention to threat. However, for individuals with GAD, there has been no direct study of scanning, and evidence for preferential attention to threat has only been found for threat-words. We therefore devised a new measure of hypervigilance. Visual scan paths were recorded of individuals with GAD (N = 12) and people without a psychiatric illness (N = 12) viewing complex pictures that varied in threat content. People with persecutory beliefs (N = 11) also participated in the study to test the hypothesis that anxiety, via such hypervigilant cognitive processes, may contribute to the maintenance of delusions. Compared with the control group, the anxious individuals were not found either to scan excessively for or to look at threat. The anxiety group was therefore not hypervigilant for external threat, which is inconsistent with the hypervigilance model. As a consequence, the hypothesis that anxiety maintains delusions was not tested. However, additional support was found for the hypothesis that people with delusions form rapid judgements on the basis of less data-gathering than control groups who are either anxious or have no psychiatric illness.

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“…In most of this research, repressors were compared to nonrepressors , combining sensitizers, nonanxious, and high‐anxious individuals (e.g., Derakshan & Eysenck, 1999; Furnham & Traynar, 1999; Holtgraves & Hall, 1995; Myers, Brewin, & Winter, 1999). Studying differences between repressors and nonrepressors in terms of cognitive processes, it was demonstrated that repressors (a) showed longer response latencies in recognizing taboo words with sexual or aggressive meaning or words referring to failure (Asendorpf & Scherer, 1983; Hock, Krohne, & Kaiser, 1996; Weinberger, Schwartz, & Davidson, 1979); (b) displayed more gaze avoidance when watching threatening visual presentations and reported less negative mood following an unpleasant film (Boden & Dale, 2001; Halperin, 1986); (c) directed attention away from threatening visual stimuli toward neutral ones (Fox, 1993; Myers & McKenna, 1996); and (d) had impaired memory for negative affective experiences, including negative childhood memories (Holtgraves & Hall, 1995; Newman & Hedberg, 1999). Evidence using directed forgetting and questionnaire measures of thought‐control strategies suggests that repression is a deliberate and controlled strategy (Myers, 1998; Myers, Brewin, & Power, 1998; Newman & McKinney, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Coping With the Threat of Rape: Vigilance and Cognitive Avoidance

Krahé¹

2005

Journal of Personality

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Individual differences in women's avoidant and vigilant style in coping with the threat of rape were explored in four studies. In the first study, 97 women read a rape scenario and completed measures of cognitive vigilance and avoidance. They also provided ratings of fear of rape and anticipated coping problems in case of sexual assault. Vigilance was associated with significantly higher levels of fear of rape and anticipation of more severe coping problems. No effects were found for cognitive avoidance. Study 2 replicated these findings with a sample of 275 women. In addition, it showed that high vigilance was associated with significantly more rape-preventive behaviors. Study 3, including 172 women, was an online study on the effect of cognitive coping style on fear of rape, anticipated coping problems, and two behavioral measures of rape avoidance. High vigilance was related to higher levels of fear of rape, anticipation of more severe coping problems, and more rape-preventive behaviors. Finally, Study 4 (N=210) showed that individual differences in cognitive coping style affected rape-related affect and behavior in the absence of a rape scenario, underlining the chronic salience of the threat of rape for women. Vigilance was positively related to fear of rape, rape-avoidance behavior, and anticipated coping problems. In contrast, a negative relationship was found between cognitive avoidance and fear of rape, rape-avoidance strategies, and anticipated coping problems. Across the four studies, no evidence was found for an interactive effect of cognitive avoidance and vigilance, as suggested by the construct of repression versus sensitization. The findings are discussed in the light of previous research on repression-sensitization in coping with threatening information.

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Defensive style and the direction of gaze

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Impaired cognitive functioning during spontaneous dieting

Impaired cognitive functioning during spontaneous dieting

An Examination of Hypervigilance for External Threat in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Individuals with Persecutory Delusions Using Visual Scan Paths

Cognitive Coping With the Threat of Rape: Vigilance and Cognitive Avoidance

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