2021
DOI: 10.3390/insects12070644
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Defensive Traits during White Spruce (Picea glauca) Leaf Ontogeny

Abstract: Changes during leaf ontogeny affect palatability to herbivores, such that many insects, including the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)), are specialist feeders on growing conifer leaves and buds. Developmental constraints imply lower toughness in developing foliage, and optimal defense theory predicts higher investment in chemical defense in these vulnerable yet valuable developing leaves. We summarize the literature on the time course of defensive compounds in developing white spruce (… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications
(4 citation statements)
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References 79 publications
(125 reference statements)
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“…The sun-exposed foliage of spruce trees emits higher levels of terpenoids than shade foliage [ 38 ], but the evidence for the effects of these compounds on leaf-feeding insects is at best mixed [ 39 ]. Foliage toughness is a significant defense of conifers against insect herbivores; previous works show that this is higher in sun-grown white spruce foliage [ 5 ], and our results confirm tougher foliage in plantations than in under-canopy regeneration stands. However, other studies suggest that spruces upregulate defense genes in shade [ 40 ].…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 84%
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“…The sun-exposed foliage of spruce trees emits higher levels of terpenoids than shade foliage [ 38 ], but the evidence for the effects of these compounds on leaf-feeding insects is at best mixed [ 39 ]. Foliage toughness is a significant defense of conifers against insect herbivores; previous works show that this is higher in sun-grown white spruce foliage [ 5 ], and our results confirm tougher foliage in plantations than in under-canopy regeneration stands. However, other studies suggest that spruces upregulate defense genes in shade [ 40 ].…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 84%
“…Annual elongation from 2018 onwards was measured on a lateral shoot approximately 1.5 m high during late summer sampling. Needle toughness was assessed on current-year growth at the end of the season using a penetrometer following [ 5 ]. We measured 10 individual needles per tree and pooled them as a single value, and only 4 trees per site were used in each habitat.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Changes during leaf ontogeny affect the palatability of insect herbivores, and Lirette et al [12] summarize the literature describing how chemical defenses of foliage change during the growing season in white spruce, an economically important conifer tree attacked by the eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana, a specialist growing conifer leaf and bud feeder.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%