Deficits in hippocampus-mediated pavlovian conditioning in endogenous hypercortisolism

Grillon, Christian; Smith, Kathryn; Haynos, Ann F.; Nieman, Lynnette K.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.003

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A second method attempted to account more directly for baseline blinks. This method was modeled after a study by Marenco et al (2003) and implemented in a recent study (Grillon et al, 2004). It consisted of (1) calculating the number of blinks (ie blink onsets) in 14 successive 100-ms windows starting 500 ms before the onset of the tone (ending at the onset of the puff), (2) computing the number of spontaneous blinks per 100-ms window in the 500 ms that preceded the tone, and (3) subtracting this average blink from each 100-ms window.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very few studies have evaluated trace eyeblink conditioning in humans with abnormalities in baseline glucocorticoids levels. Subjects with hypercortisolemia due to Cushing's syndrome had fewer conditioned responses using a trace eyeblink con-ditioning paradigm compared to healthy subjects (Grillon et al, 2004). Although PTSD is a chronic anxiety disorder characterized by abnormalities in plasma and salivary cortisol levels, trace eyeblink conditioning has not been evaluated in this disorder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrocortisone Impairs Hippocampal-Dependent Trace Eyeblink Conditioning in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Vythilingam

Lawley

Collin³

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Trace eyeblink conditioning is a hippocampal-dependent associative learning task that could help evaluate hippocampal function in Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since preclinical research has demonstrated that trace eyeblink conditioning can be pharmacologically manipulated by glucocorticoids, this task may shed light on glucocorticoid sensitivity in PTSD. This study assessed baseline and hydrocortisone-mediated changes in trace eyeblink conditioning in patients with PTSD and in healthy controls. A total of 12 patients with PTSD and 12 age-and sex-matched healthy controls participated in a trace eyeblink test 6 h following intravenous administration of 30 mg of hydrocortisone. Spontaneous blink rates were similar between PTSD patients and healthy controls. There was no significant difference in the mean conditioned response between PTSD subjects and healthy controls under placebo conditions. Following hydrocortisone administration, only the PTSD patients demonstrated a significant reduction in conditioned response in contrast to healthy subjects who did not demonstrate any change. Patients with PTSD had increased glucocorticoid sensitivity in the focal brain regions mediating trace eyeblink conditioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocortisone Impairs Hippocampal-Dependent Trace Eyeblink Conditioning in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Vythilingam

Lawley

Collin³

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

Self Cite

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“…The suppressed motivation to feed was observed when the fish were offered their normal diet of pellet-feed, but was also seen when preferred prey (live bloodworm) were offered. The precise mechanism underlying this observed decrease in feeding motivation is not yet known, but it should be noted that cortisol (a corticosteroid hormone involved in stress responses) can affect learned conditioned responses (Grillon et al 2004).…”

Section: Nociception and The Effects Of Noxious Stimuli In Teleost Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain perception, aversion and fear in fish

Braithwaite¹,

Boulcott²

2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

120

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There is now compelling evidence that teleost fish possess similar nociceptive processing systems to those found in terrestrial vertebrates. Noxious stimulation of these nociceptors -specialised pain receptors -in the skin around the snout of fish generates neural activity that can be electrophysiologically recorded, and induces a number of behavioural and physiological changes. To determine whether changes in behaviour are more than simple responses to the noxious stimulation it is necessary to demonstrate that higher order cognitive processes such as mental state or 'affective state' are involved. However, quantifying the 'motivational affected state' of an animal -a concept encompassing not just pain but also fear, hunger, thirst and pleasure -is difficult owing to its subjectivity. Recent empirical work is beginning to test these concepts in fish, and we review a number of these studies and suggest how these general methodologies could be used to further our understanding of fish cognition and the capacity for fish to experience mental states such as fear or suffering.

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“…Furthermore, the 500-ms dark period between successive light stimuli resembles task characteristics of trace classical eyeblink conditioning, in which hippocampus functions are mandatory (Clark and Squire 1998) and which is sensitive to glucocorticoid modulation (Grillon et al 2004;Nees et al 2008;Nees et al 2010). Interestingly, contingency knowledge is required to produce effective trace eyeblink conditioning (Clark and Squire 1998), but no such contingency knowledge seems to be necessary for implicit sequence learning to occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%