Defining and Using Reference Evapotranspiration

Hargreaves, George H.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1994)120:6(1132)

Cited by 489 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The SPEI uses precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) as input data, whereby PET was calculated according to the Hargreaves approach [62,63]. The time scale was set to 4 months, with a Gaussian kernel to consider the water supply, and a log-logistic distribution was applied [61].…”

Section: Investigated Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Urban Environment Can Modify Drought Stress of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Moser

Rötzer

Pauleit

et al. 2016

Forests

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Abstract:The urban environment characterized by various stresses poses challenges to trees. In particular, water deficits and high temperatures can cause immense drought stress to urban trees, resulting in reduced growth and die-off. Drought-tolerant species are expected to be resilient to these conditions and are therefore advantageous over other, more susceptible species. However, the drought tolerance of urban trees in relation to the specific growth conditions in urban areas remains poorly researched. This study aimed to analyze the annual growth and drought tolerance of two common urban tree species, namely small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill. (T. cordata)) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L. (R. pseudoacacia)), in two cities in southern Germany in relation to their urban growing conditions. Marked growth reductions during drought periods and subsequent fast recovery were found for R. pseudoacacia, whereas T. cordata exhibited continued reduced growth after a drought event, although these results were highly specific to the analyzed city. We further show that individual tree characteristics and environmental conditions significantly influence the growth of urban trees. Canopy openness and other aspects of the surrounding environment (water supply and open surface area of the tree pit), tree size, and tree species significantly affect urban tree growth and can modify the ability of trees to tolerate the drought stress in urban areas. Sustainable tree planting of well adapted tree species to their urban environment ensures healthy trees providing ecosystem services for a high quality of life in cities.

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Section: Investigated Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Urban Environment Can Modify Drought Stress of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Moser

Rötzer

Pauleit

et al. 2016

Forests

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“…The soil texture and effective soil depth define AWC x , which establishes the amount of water that can be held and released in the soil for use by a plant, estimated as the product of the difference between field capacity and wilting point and the minimum soil depth and root depth. Z is a seasonality factor that represents the seasonal rainfall distribution and rainfall depths ranging from 1 to 10 (Zhang et al 2001); k xj is the vegetation evapotranspiration coefficient associated with the ecosystem j on pixel x; and ET ox is the reference evapotranspiration from pixel x, and is computed with reference to the Hargreaves equation (Hargreaves et al 1985;Hargreaves 1994). After repeated validation, when the Z value is 3.0, the water yield is similar to natural runoff.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing changes in water flow regulation in Chongqing region, China

Xiao

Ouyang

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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Water flow regulation is an important ecosystem service that significantly impacts on ecological quality and social benefits. With the aim of improving our understanding of ecosystems and proposing strategies for optimizing ecosystem services, a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach was designed to estimate and map regulated water flow in the Chongqing region of China. In this study, we applied the integrated valuation of environmental services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model and mathematical simulations to estimate the provision of the regulated water flow across space and time in 2000, 2005, and 2010. The results indicated that this ecosystem service had improved by 2.07 % from 2000 to 2010 as a result of human activities (such as vegetation restoration) and climatic interaction. Places with positive changes mainly occurred in high mountain areas, whereas places with negative changes were mainly distributed in resettlement areas along the Yangtze River. The type of ecosystem in areas with high mountains and steep slopes was a relatively minor contributor to the total service, but this ecosystem had the higher water flow regulation capacity. Moreover, with the increase in altitude and slope, the percentage contribution of forest increased significantly from 2000 to 2010; by contrast, the percentage contribution of cropland decreased rapidly. As for the impacts, the spatial variation of water flow regulation in the Chongqing region had a significant relation with climate and human activities at the regional scale. These results provided specific information that could be used to strengthen necessary public awareness about the protection and restoration of ecosystems.

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“…The spatial and temporal distributions of rainfall are extracted from the TS 2.1 data-set of the Climate Research Unit (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/cru_ts_2.10/). The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is calculated using the Hargreaves (1994) method, the minimum and maximum temperatures being extracted from the same TS 2.1 data-set. Figure 2 shows the 0.5° grid of the CRU over the Volta basin.…”

Section: Ii11 Input Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

A decision-support tool for water allocation in the Volta Basin

Condappa

Chaponnière

Lemoalle

2009

Water International

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The first version of a decision-support tool (DST) for the management of the transboundary water resource of the Volta Basin is presented in this article. The DST coupled a hydrologic model with the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) water-allocation model. It was calibrated and validated by reproducing observed river flows and water stored in the hydropower reservoirs, respectively. It considered the impact of possible future climate changes (potentially critical) and the development of upstream small reservoirs (leading to upstream-downstream trade-offs) on the Akosombo hydropower scheme. This DST may foster transboundary dialogue for the integrated management of the basin's water resources

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Defining and Using Reference Evapotranspiration

Cited by 489 publications

References 1 publication

The Urban Environment Can Modify Drought Stress of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

The Urban Environment Can Modify Drought Stress of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Assessing changes in water flow regulation in Chongqing region, China

A decision-support tool for water allocation in the Volta Basin

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