“…Through the factor analysis of cell-based ecosystem service maps showing different indicators, two main types of ecosystems, mountains and flatlands, were extracted. Synergetic (e.g., underground water and carbon; farms, CO2, and erosion) and trade-off (e.g., rice paddies vs. underground water and carbon; scenic quality vs. farms, CO2, and erosion) relationships between the two ecosystem service types (mountains and agriculture) and their boundaries were identified, providing one method of finding the main ecosystems and boundaries that are often discussed theoretically (Banks-Leite & Ewers, 2009;Prieto-Torres & Rojas-Soto, 2016;Saunders & Briggs, 2002); beyond administrative districts (Haines-Young, Potschin, & Kienast, 2012;Hamann, Biggs, & Reyers, 2015;Jopke et al, 2015;Oakley et al, 2018;Queiroz et al, 2015;Raudsepp-Hearne, C, Peterson, & Bennett, 2010;Schulp et al, 2014). These results are consistent with previous studies that have grouped items and shown ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs, and examined how the corresponding areas were distributed in space (Früh-Müller et al, 2016;Qiu & Turner, 2013).…”