Defining Female Self Sexualization for the Twenty-First Century

Choi, Dooyoung; DeLong, Marilyn

doi:10.1007/s12119-019-09617-3

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Our finding that makeup did not influence women's self-perceptions is inconsistent with evidence that wearing makeup can positively influence self-perceived body-image and attractiveness (Cash et al, 1989;Choi & DeLong, 2019;Datta Gupta et al, 2016;Korichi et al, 2008). Our null findings also suggest that although sociometer theory predicts that a woman may confer psychological benefits from receiving positive responses about her appearance when desired (Leary & Baumeister, 2000), the act of enhancing one's appearance in anticipation of a social event may not be sufficient to trigger these beneficial effects.…”

Section: Makeup and Self-perceptionscontrasting

confidence: 94%

“…The style and degree of makeup women choose to apply may differ depending on how attractive or competitive they already feel, who they anticipate they will interact with, and the context under which that interaction will occur (Cash et al, 1985;Wagstaff, 2018). In contexts when it is desired, selfsexualizing, including wearing makeup, can benefit a woman's self-perceptions in ways that may offset other negative effects of objectification (Meltzer, 2019; see Choi & DeLong, 2019), encourage favorable impressions (Etcoff et al, 2011;Klatt et al, 2016;Netchaeva & Rees, 2016; von Baeyer et al, 1981) and help attract romantic partners (Mafra et al, 2020;Mileva et al, 2016;Hill et al, 2012). In other contexts, wearing too much makeup can be more costly for women and lead to negative evaluations (Cox & Glick, 1986;Delpriore et al, 2018).…”

Section: Context and Variation In The Effects Of Sexualisation On Women's Objectificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women's self‐objectification, and their objectification by others

Kellie

Brooks

2021

Euro J Social Psych

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Does wearing makeup benefit women by changing how they perceive themselves, and are the perceptions that others make of makeup wearers positive, or negative? In two pre-registered experiments, we investigated the effects of makeup on women's self-perceived traits, and others' objectifying perceptions of them. In Experiment 1, 229 women imagined one of four scenarios (e.g., a romantic date). Half applied makeup for that scenario before rating their self-perceived agency, humanness, romantic competitiveness towards other women and reactions to partner jealousy. Results showed little evidence that applying makeup affected women's self-perceived traits. In Experiment 2, 844 participants rated images of women's faces from Experiment 1 on their mental capacity and moral status. Women wearing more makeup were attributed less mental capacity and moral status, with attributions mediated by perceptions that heavier makeupwearers have more sex and are more physically attractive. Findings suggest that although women experience cultural pressure to wear makeup, negative stereotypes of makeup-wearers may lead to detrimental perceptions of women.

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Section: Makeup and Self-perceptionscontrasting

confidence: 94%

Section: Context and Variation In The Effects Of Sexualisation On Women's Objectificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women's self‐objectification, and their objectification by others

Kellie

Brooks

2021

Euro J Social Psych

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“…The choice of the instrument was based on the wellestablished empirical finding that the acceptance of cosmetic surgery is related to self-objectification (e.g., Calogero et al, 2010Calogero et al, , 2014Vaughan-Turnbull and Lewis, 2015;Choi and DeLong, 2019), which means treating one's own body as an object with a detached attitude. Since several studies have found that one's involvement in transactional sex is also related to selfobjectification (Chen, 2016;Horley and Clarke, 2016;Gayathri et al, 2018;Endong, 2019;Maas et al, 2019), this latter was expected to function as a latent variable determining a positive association between one's attitude toward cosmetic surgery and that toward transactional sex.…”

Section: Item Generation and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Providing Sexual Companionship for Resources: Development, Validation, and Personality Correlates of the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Young Women and Men Scale (ASR-YWMS)

et al. 2020

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A sugar relationship is a transactional sexual relationship in which a younger partner (sugar baby/boy) offers companionship and sexual services to a much older partner (sugar daddy/mommy) in return for material compensation. One aim of the present study was to develop an attitude scale assessing young women's and men's acceptance of sugar relationships. Another aim was to explore the possible associations of the acceptance of sugar relationships with psychological functioning in an intimate partner relationship and in a sexual relationship and with certain socially undesirable personality traits. Two online studies were conducted with a total number of 2052 participants (1879 women; age = 18-28 years). The results show that the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Young Women and Men Scale (ASR-YWMS) is a reliable and valid measure of young people's attitude toward sugar relationships. The studies revealed that young women's and men's accepting attitude toward sugar relationships was positively associated with unrestricted sociosexuality, a game-playing love style (Ludus), selffocused sexual motivation (Study 1; N = 319; 272 women and 47 men), and with socially undesirable traits such as Machiavellianism, subclinical psychopathy, and a borderline personality organization (Study 2; N = 1733; 1607 women and 126 men). These findings suggest that a relatively high level of acceptance of sugar relationships is part of a mating strategy focused on opportunities of maximizing resources. This utilitarian, risktaking and exploitative attitude is characteristic to a fast life history strategy, and it is a fundamental organizing principle of psychological and sexual functioning in intimate partner relationships.

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“…Very little previous research has examined the relationship between beautification and agency. Insights into their covariation; however, can be derived by examining the relationship between agency and phenomena related to beautification, such as self-objectification and selfsexualization (favoring sexual self-objectification; [16]). This body of work suggests that there is some support for the notion that beautification and agency positively covary.…”

Section: Beautification Effects On Women's Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, to control for relevant individual differences, in Experiment 2 we examined and controlled for trait self-objectification. Scholars have noted a considerable conceptual murkiness between self-objectification and related phenomena [16], and we aimed to control for trait differences in the tendency to self-objectify to provide a crisper dissection of resulting effects.…”

Section: The Current Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In the context of romantic attraction, beautification can increase assertiveness in women

2020

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Can beautification empower women to act assertively? Some women report that beautification is an agentic and assertive act, whereas others find beautification to be oppressive and disempowering. To disentangle these effects, in the context of romantic attraction we conducted the first experimental tests of beautification-on psychological and behavioral assertiveness. Experiment 1 (N = 145) utilized a between-subjects design in which women used their own clothing, make-up, and accessories to adjust their appearance as they normally would for a "hot date" (beautification condition) or a casual day at home with friends (control condition). We measured implicit, explicit, and behavioral assertiveness, as well as positive affect and sexual motivation. Experiment 2 (N = 40) sought to conceptually replicate Experiment 1 using a within-subject design and different measures of assertiveness. Women completed measures of explicit assertiveness and assertive behavioral intentions in three domains, in whatever clothing they were wearing that day then again after extensively beautifying their appearance. In Experiment 1, we found that women demonstrated higher psychological assertiveness after beautifying their appearance, and that high sexual motivation mediated the effect of beautification on assertive behavior. All effects were independent of positive affect. Experiment 2 partially replicated Experiment 1. These experiments provide novel insight into the effects of women's appearance-enhancing behaviors on assertiveness by providing evidence that beautification may positively affect assertiveness in women under some circumstances.

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Defining Female Self Sexualization for the Twenty-First Century

Cited by 28 publications

References 48 publications

Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women's self‐objectification, and their objectification by others

Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women's self‐objectification, and their objectification by others

Providing Sexual Companionship for Resources: Development, Validation, and Personality Correlates of the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Young Women and Men Scale (ASR-YWMS)

In the context of romantic attraction, beautification can increase assertiveness in women

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