Defining Hate Speech

Sellars, Andrew

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2882244

Cited by 91 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Hate speech has historically been an ambiguous term, with many interpretations in casual as well as legal usage (Sellars, 2016). It is frequently at the center of the "free speech" discourse, specifically concerning whether citizens have a right to free expression, and thus hate speech ought to be protected, or have certain categories of harmful speech off limits (Howard, 2019).…”

Section: Hate Speech Scholarshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing the Gab Hate Corpus: defining and applying hate-based rhetoric to social media posts at scale

Kennedy

Atari

Davani

et al. 2022

Lang Resources & Evaluation

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Section: Hate Speech Scholarshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing the Gab Hate Corpus: defining and applying hate-based rhetoric to social media posts at scale

Kennedy

Atari

Davani

et al. 2022

Lang Resources & Evaluation

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“…Regulating online hate speech has been particularly difficult due to the lack of an existing international consensus on what defines online hate speech and what falls in the sphere of freedom of expression. 133 While the EU and major social media companies have issued a code of conduct to combat and prohibit online hate speech, the First Amendment in the United States has always protected hate speech. 134 In the United States, for example, there is no clear separation between hate speech and hate crime.…”

Section: The Conceptual Fluidity Of 'Online Hate Speech'mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Challenges of Regulating Hate Speech on Social Media in Light of the Theory of Freedom of Expression

Paulos

Çelik

2021

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi

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Uluslararası insan hakları belgeleri herkesin düşünce ve ifade özgürlüğü hakkına sahip olduğunu ilan etmesine rağmen, bugün birçok ülkede nefret ve şiddeti körükleyen konuşma da dahil olmak üzere sosyal medyada belirli ifade biçimlerini sansürleyen veya sınırlayan yasalar bulunmaktadır. Bazı serbest konuşma savunucuları, zararlı konuşmaya en iyi yanıtın, farklı fikirlerin herhangi bir konuşmaya özgürce meydan okumasına izin veren tartışmalar olduğu düşüncesiyle hiçbir ifadenin kısıtlanmadığı açık bir fikir pazarını tercih eder. Yine de bazıları, sosyal medyada nefret söylemi üzerindeki kısıtlamaların, azınlık topluluklarını bu konuşmanın neden olduğu zararlardan korumak için çok önemli olduğunu savunuyor. Nefret söylemi, özgür konuşmanın sınırlarını test eden çok karmaşık bir soruyu gündeme getiriyor. Bu nedenle, ifade özgürlüğünü destekleyen teorilere dayanarak, bu makale, sosyal medyada nefret söylemi üzerindeki düzenleyici ikilemi, düzenleyici süreci çerçeveleyen argümanları ve zorlukları inceleyerek analiz etmeye çalışmaktadır.

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“…The traits from hate speech was: 1) Targeting of a Group, or Individual as a Member of a Group; 2) Content in the Message that Expresses Hatred 3) The Speech Causes a Harm 4) The Speaker Intends Harm or Bad Activity 5) The Speech Incites Bad Actions Beyond the Speech Itself 6) The Speech is Either Public or Directed at a Member of the Group, 7) The Context Makes Violent Response Possible 8) The Speech Has No Redeeming Purpose. 19 A fairly comprehensive theoretical study; given the phobia's emergence after 9/11, it proves that Islamophobia is considered to lead to a kind of 'discrimination' or racial action. It is called racial, because Islam is often associated with 'Arabization'; especially, because physically all of its worship uses Arabic.…”

Section: Analyzing Islamophobia As Hate Speech: Al-attas' Views On Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing Islamophobia as Hate Speech: Al-Attas' Views on the Corruption of Knowledge

Zarkasyi

Arroisi

Taqiyuddin

et al. 2019

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The phenomenon of Islamophobia has always been a contemporary issue; especially in a world that is supposed to be global and full of diversity. In fact, in some Muslim-majority countries, the phenomenon is actually spread. Further study found that among the reasons was a misunderstanding in exploring and understanding Islam as a religion. Especially on the meaning of Islam as a universal religion for humans. Methodologically, this literature research model uses a historical literacy approach in the form of a Western phobia of Islam (especially religion) in the Middle Ages (antisemitic), primary sources of Islamic teachings, and Islamic religious philosophy specifically excavated from Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. Al-Attas' analysis is used based on his capacity to understand ideas about metaphysics and Western civilization and Islam itself. The theoretical study is focusing on al-Attas' conception of 'corruption of the knowledge' that occurs as a result of 'loss of adab'. This is a global challenge for contemporary Muslims, the 'pursuit of knowledge' ; that is, the spread of 'erroneous science' that is like true, but contains falsehood and brings damage to the correct understanding of Islam. This study found that 'the corruption of the Knowledge' about Islam often results in Islamophobia; which begun with misunderstanding about the very essential things in Islam. Muslims join in Al QalamVol. 36, No. 1 (July-December 2019) 2 phobias towards their religion because of the loss of adab. Most of the misconceptions result from 1) studying Islam without referring to scientific authority 2) framing social media about Islam 3) Secularization which reduces Islam is only limited to ancient Arabic culture.

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Defining Hate Speech

Cited by 91 publications

References 12 publications

Introducing the Gab Hate Corpus: defining and applying hate-based rhetoric to social media posts at scale

Introducing the Gab Hate Corpus: defining and applying hate-based rhetoric to social media posts at scale

The Challenges of Regulating Hate Speech on Social Media in Light of the Theory of Freedom of Expression

Analyzing Islamophobia as Hate Speech: Al-Attas' Views on the Corruption of Knowledge

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