Defining sulfonation limits of poly(ether-ether-ketone) for energy-efficient dehumidification

Akhtar, Faheem Hassan; Abdulhamid, Mahmoud A.; Vovusha, Hakkim; Ng, Kim Choon; Schwingenschlögl, Udo; Székely, György

doi:10.1039/d1ta03690d

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A broad band at 3250 cm −1 was observed which corresponds to -OH stretch. Our results are in line with the reported literature on a sulfonated brominated-PEEK polymer by Linder J Anderson et al [26,27,31,44].…”

Section: Ftir Spectrum Studiessupporting

confidence: 93%

“…With an increase in temperature (up to 150 • C), the degree of sulfonation also reached 70% (Table 2). Akhtar et al reported that the degree of sulfonation of the SPEEK polymer was found to increase (from 3% to 46%) with an increase in the reaction time which was performed at room temperature [44]; a similar pattern of an increase in sulfonation was noted in our case for the SPEK (Table 3). A reaction with the polymer-to-sulfonating agent ratio set as 1:20 with a reaction time of 48 h (at 25 • C) gave a degree of sulfonation of ~40% which was chosen for our current study.…”

Section: Degree Of Sulfonationsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The sulfonated polymers, with a high degree of sulfonation, can swell or form emulsion and were found to be difficult to isolate [42]. In the reported literature, the SPEEK polymer showed degradation and elevated hydrophilicity as the sulfonation increased which is similar to the current investigation [43,44]. The polymer PEK's insolubility and high melting temperatures impose processing and polymerization constraints [40]; due to this behavior, the PEK has a lower rate of sulfonation than the PEEK.…”

Section: Sulfonationsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Our observations are similar to those of the reported ones. SPEK (48 h of sulfonation time at RT, 1:20 PEK:H 2 SO 4 ) with an ~40% degree of sulfonation was used to cast a membrane with a combination of DCA and DCM as suitable solvents as per the reported procedure by Liu [36,44]. The amount of drug integrated into the drug delivery device system varies based on the substance, the intended therapeutic impact, and the release duration [34].…”

Section: Solubility and Membrane Castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid—An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser

Padinjarathil,

Vilasini,

Balasubramanian

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The effective administration of medication has advanced over decades, but the medical community still faces significant demand. Burst release and inadequate assimilation are major drawbacks that affect wound healing efficiency, leading to therapy failure. The widespread application of polymers in biomedical research is significant. The polyether ether ketone (PEEK) family is known for its biocompatibility, inertness, and semi-crystalline thermoplastic properties. In our present studies, we have chosen a member of this family, polyether ketone (PEK), to explore its role as a drug carrier. The PEK backbone was subjected to sulfonation to increase its hydrophilicity. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the sulfonation process based on the time, degree of sulfonation, and temperature. The PEK polymer was sulfonated using sulfuric acid at 150 °C for 6 h; back titration was performed to quantify the degree of sulfonation, with 69% representing the maximum sulfonation. SPEK and nalidixic sodium salt were dissolved in dichloroacetic acid to create a thin membrane. The physiological and morphological properties were assessed for the SPEK membrane. The studies on drug release in distilled water and a simulated body fluid over the course of 24 h revealed a controlled, gradual increase in the release rate, correlating with a mathematical model and demonstrating the zero-order nature of the drug release. Hemolysis on the SPEK membrane revealed lower toxicity. The SPEK membrane’s biocompatibility was established using in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the Vero (IC50: 137.85 g/mL) cell lines. These results confirm that the SPEK membranes are suitable for sustained drug release.

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Section: Ftir Spectrum Studiessupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Degree Of Sulfonationsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Sulfonationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Solubility and Membrane Castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid—An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser

Padinjarathil,

Vilasini,

Balasubramanian

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…In industry, sulfonation treatment of PEEK has been used to produce SPEEK membranes with excellent proton conductivity, and it is mainly used in fuel cells ( Montero et al, 2017 ). Sulfonation treatment of PEEK can also produce desiccants with porous structures whose surface micropores contribute to the adsorption of moisture in humid air ( Akhtar et al, 2021 ). Traditionally, sulfonation reactions require a long time at high temperature ( Yee et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial properties of antimicrobial peptide HHC36 modified polyetheretherketone

et al. 2023

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IntroductionPolyetheretherketone (PEEK) is considered to be a new type of orthopedic implant material due to its mechanical properties and biocompatibility. It is becoming a replacement for titanium (Ti) due to its near-human-cortical transmission and modulus of elasticity. However, its clinical application is limited because of its biological inertia and susceptibility to bacterial infection during implantation. To solve this problem, there is an urgent need to improve the antibacterial properties of PEEK implants.MethodsIn this work, we fixed antimicrobial peptide HHC36 on the 3D porous structure of sulfonated PEEK (SPEEK) by a simple solvent evaporation method (HSPEEK), and carried out characterization tests. We evaluated the antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility of the samples in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the anti-infection property and biocompatibility of the samples in vivo by establishing a rat subcutaneous infection model.ResultsThe characterization test results showed that HHC36 was successfully fixed on the surface of SPEEK and released slowly for 10 days. The results of antibacterial experiments in vitro showed that HSPEEK could reduce the survival rate of free bacteria, inhibit the growth of bacteria around the sample, and inhibit the formation of biofilm on the sample surface. The cytocompatibility test in vitro showed that the sample had no significant effect on the proliferation and viability of L929 cells and had no hemolytic activity on rabbit erythrocytes. In vivo experiments, HSPEEK can significantly reduce the bacterial survival rate on the sample surface and the inflammatory reaction in the soft tissue around the sample.DiscussionWe successfully loaded HHC36 onto the surface of SPEEK through a simple solvent evaporation method. The sample has excellent antibacterial properties and good cell compatibility, which can significantly reduce the bacterial survival rate and inflammatory reaction in vivo. The above results indicated that we successfully improved the antibacterial property of PEEK by a simple modification strategy, making it a promising material for anti-infection orthopedic implants.

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Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)/MOF hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane with ultra‐low methanol permeability for enhanced direct methanol fuel cell performance

Divya,

Liu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A novel hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) was developed for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications by incorporating sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) with a chromium‐based metal–organic framework (MOF), namely, BUT‐8(Cr). The incorporation of BUT‐8(Cr) significantly improved the dispersion of the MOF within the SPEEK matrix, leading to alterations in surface morphology and the creation of hydrophilic channels, as confirmed by SEM. Furthermore, the presence of an excess of sulfonic groups and the flexible structure of the MOF enhanced the physicochemical properties of the membrane, such as water uptake, proton conductivity and ion exchange capacity. Importantly, well‐defined rigid coordination structure of MOF effectively blocks methanol migration, resulting in a notably low methanol permeability value of 1.6 × 10−7 cm2 s−1, compared to Nafion 117 (20 × 10−7cm2s−1). For practical DMFC operation, the hybrid membrane (~0.75 wt.% MOF) exhibited a maximum power density of 88.6mWcm−2 with current density of 434.04 mAcm−2, outperforming Nafion 117 (73.4mWcm−2 and 380 mAcm−2 respectively) at same conditions. Our results suggest that the prepared SPEEK‐0.75 hybrid membrane holds a great promise as a PEM material for DMFC applications.

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Defining sulfonation limits of poly(ether-ether-ketone) for energy-efficient dehumidification

Abstract: Dehumidification is a vital process in the cooling industry and has emerged as a promising tool for alleviating the effects of energy-intensive activities. Advanced engineering materials, which can be employed...

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid—An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser

Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid—An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser

Antibacterial properties of antimicrobial peptide HHC36 modified polyetheretherketone

Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)/MOF hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane with ultra‐low methanol permeability for enhanced direct methanol fuel cell performance

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