Defining terms: Data, information and knowledge

Sanders, John W.

doi:10.1109/sai.2016.7555986

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In this context, a few words regarding the scientific knowledge gained by the above results should, perhaps, be added. For the sake of the current discussion, let us follow the classic text by Sanders 77 -which presented knowledge as resulting from the purposeful use of information in an appropriate, well-defined context. Considering the above discussion, a take-home message can be summarized as follows: static quantum molecular information may, in principle, be used to provide predictive explanations for dynamic protein-ligand processes.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Simple, Predictive Understanding of Protein-Ligand Interactions: Electronic Structure Calculations on Torpedo Californica Acetylcholinesterase Join Forces with the Chemist’s Intuition

Sylvetsky

2020

Sci Rep

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Contemporary efforts for empirically-unbiased modeling of protein-ligand interactions entail a painful tradeoff-as reliable information on both noncovalent binding factors and the dynamic behavior of a protein-ligand complex is often beyond practical limits. We demonstrate that information drawn exclusively from static molecular structures can be used for reproducing and predicting experimentallymeasured binding affinities for protein-ligand complexes. In particular, inhibition constants (K i) were calculated for seven different competitive inhibitors of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase using a multiple-linear-regression-based model. The latter, incorporating five independent variables-drawn from QM cluster, DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations and LED analyses on the seven complexes, each containing active amino-acid residues found within interacting distance (3.5 Å) from the corresponding ligand-is shown to recover 99.9% of the sum of squares for measured K i values, while having no statistically-significant residual errors. Despite being fitted to a small number of data points, leave-oneout cross-validation statistics suggest that it possesses surprising predictive value (Q 2 Loo =0.78, or 0.91 upon removal of a single outlier). This thus challenges ligand-invariant definitions of active sites, such as implied in the lock-key binding theory, as well as in alternatives highlighting shape-complementarity without taking electronic effects into account. Broader implications of the current work are discussed in dedicated appendices. Protein-ligand (PL) interactions have drawn great amounts of scientific attention throughout the last century (see refs. 1-4. for a few recent textbooks and reviews). Aside from being examined for playing crucial roles in a variety of essential biochemical processes, such interactions are often focused on in many drug design studiesrevolving around finding inhibitors for proteins such as enzymes and neuroreceptors for the purpose of invoking a desirable biological response 5-8. Due to such considerations, many researchers from a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines (consisting of computational biologists and biochemists as well as theorists from chemistry and physics) have attempted to provide some general theoretical/computational modeling schemes for predicting biochemically-relevant PL binding events 9-13. Various protein-ligand binding theories, which underlie many research efforts in the field, have been proposed. The latter include the infamous "lock-key" model, originally introduced by Fischer 14. This model has subsequently been corrected by Koshland to account for mutual, structural adaptations in both protein and ligand ("induced fit")-embracing the notion of a "glove-hand" correspondence 15,16. While more recent adjustments, taking additional conformational and solvent effects into account, have also been introduced 17-20 , none have seemed to move past the intuitive notion of shape complementarity-which clearly has undeniable didactic and predictive value, and has been imp...

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Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Simple, Predictive Understanding of Protein-Ligand Interactions: Electronic Structure Calculations on Torpedo Californica Acetylcholinesterase Join Forces with the Chemist’s Intuition

Sylvetsky

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Vercellis (2009: 6) describes data as the structural code of a phenomenon, while Stair & Reynolds (2009: 4) describe the sum of the regulated attributes (data) as information, and Holsapple (2008: 22) describes information as the main component for decision-making. In this context, the formation process of knowledge is shown in Figure 5 (Sanders, 2016). When Figure 5 is examined, it can be seen that the data is processed for a specified purpose or purposes and transformed into information, and knowledge is generated by developing and using this information.…”

Section: Cyberspacementioning

confidence: 99%

The Technological Transformation Process From Electronic Intelligence to Cyber Intelligence

Ünal¹

2020

Who Runs the World: Data

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Throughout the whole of human history, concepts such as defense, security, safety and intelligence have been very important for human beings on a personal level, and for human communities in general. The sociological transformation that came as a result of these processes played a key role in the development of science and technology.Thanks to the developments in electronic science during the 20th century, systems using electromagnetic energy have come to the fore. This development process which started with systems such as telephones, radios and radars has eventually been used in many different areas such as air defense systems, guided missiles, early warning receivers, communication systems, and computers.For this reason, the control and active use of what can be called the electromagnetic spectrum in short, has been an important factor in all kinds of activities. By the 21st century, almost all of the systems used in this process began to operate in a cyberspace environment and became software controlled. The concept of the target intelligence needed in this transformation process has changed dimensions and shifted from electronic intelligence to cyber intelligence. This study will focus on the transformation of the electronic intelligence process, which is an indispensable element of the 20th century, into the concept of cyber intelligence in the 21st century.

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“…"Data" and "information" concepts are generally used interchangeably however, although they interact, they are completely different terms (Sanders, 2016). Rowley (2007) defines the term "data" as "the symbols which represent properties of objects, events and their environment".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scale Development Study: The Evaluative Scale of Data-Based Management in Education

Cemaloğlu

Duykuluoğlu

2022

Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi

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The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to assess the data-based management applications in education through the perceptions of school administrators. We live in the age of information and data serves as the main source of information. Therefore, data-based management is regarded as an important component of educational management practices today as it can add also to the effectiveness and efficiency of the management practices in education. In this regard, the scale developed through this study can play an important role for the evaluation as well as the improvement of the ongoing data-based management processes in education. The draft scale was formed of 55 items which were set through a detailed literature review. The data was collected in two phases, the first for exploratory factor analysis with participants of 227 school administrators and the second for the confirmatory factor analysis with 313 administrators. It was found out that the scale was formed of 21 items and two factors which were named as “data literacy and management” and “data-based management”.

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Defining terms: Data, information and knowledge

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Toward Simple, Predictive Understanding of Protein-Ligand Interactions: Electronic Structure Calculations on Torpedo Californica Acetylcholinesterase Join Forces with the Chemist’s Intuition

Toward Simple, Predictive Understanding of Protein-Ligand Interactions: Electronic Structure Calculations on Torpedo Californica Acetylcholinesterase Join Forces with the Chemist’s Intuition

The Technological Transformation Process From Electronic Intelligence to Cyber Intelligence

A Scale Development Study: The Evaluative Scale of Data-Based Management in Education

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