Definition and recommended cultural considerations for advance care planning in Japan: A systematic review

Abstract

Although Delphi studies in Western countries have provided a consensus for practices pertaining to advance care planning (ACP), their findings may not be applicable to Asian countries with distinct, family-oriented cultures. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the definitions of and evidence for ACP and analyze recommended practices in Japan. We conducted a systematic review using narrative synthesis in December 2018. Key words were searched from Ichushi-Web by NPO Japan Medical Abstracts Society, Citation Information by the National Institute of Informatics, and Japanese Institutional Repositories Online databases. In addition, in August 2019, we conducted hand searching using Google Scholar and Google. We included original Japanese articles that addressed factors regarding ACP (e.g. definitions, elements, roles and tasks, and timing of ACP). Data were synthesized using thematic analysis. The study protocol was registered prospectively (PROSPERO: CRD42020152391). Of the 3,512 studies screened, 27 were included: 22 quantitative and 5 qualitative. Five-position statements/guidelines were added by hand searching. Definitions and several distinct practice patterns of ACP and the importance of families' roles were identified. Unique recommendations addressed the importance of properly eliciting patients' preferences that are the best for both patients and families, engaging the public to raise awareness of ACP, and developing policies and guidelines for ACP. We identified the definition of and unique recommendations for ACP based on Japanese cultural values and norms. Further research is needed to evaluate the recommendations provided in this systematic review.

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“…Available evidence has shown that patients’ preferences for communication approach vary across different cultures. For instance, Asian immigrants in Western countries [ 25 , 26 ] and Japanese patients [ 27 ] were likely to prefer implicit communication. In contrast, Western patients preferred information delivered straight to the point and professionally [ 28 ].…”

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“…It is a fact that the need for ACP has been increasing in these areas. To promote ACP, municipalities should develop a collaborative support system through which interdisciplinary HCPs can improve their understanding of each occupation through training [ 24 ]. It is necessary to take actions that encourage the implementation of activities for HCP.…”

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“…In Japan, studies on the decision‐making process for medical treatment and end‐of‐life care had been conducted since 1987, 6 and the incident of the removal of a ventilator for euthanasia at the Imizu Municipal Hospital (Imizu City, Toyama Prefecture, Japan) in 2006 resulted in rapid progress on the decision‐making for medical treatment and end‐of‐life care in recent years. 7 Subsequently, “Guideline for the Decision‐Making Process for Terminal Care” was formulated in 2007. 8 The guideline includes the following points: (1) appropriate information and explanations about end‐of‐life medical care should be provided by doctors and other medical professionals, (2) patients should consult with medical professionals before making any decisions, and (3) decisions regarding medical treatment and end‐of‐life care should be made carefully by the medical and care team, not by doctors on their own.…”

“…In Japan, studies on the decision‐making process for medical treatment and end‐of‐life care had been conducted since 1987, 6 and the incident of the removal of a ventilator for euthanasia at the Imizu Municipal Hospital (Imizu City, Toyama Prefecture, Japan) in 2006 resulted in rapid progress on the decision‐making for medical treatment and end‐of‐life care in recent years 7 . Subsequently, “Guideline for the Decision‐Making Process for Terminal Care” was formulated in 2007 8…”