Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs

Stein, Hans H; Fuller, M. F.; Moughan, Paul J.; Sève, Bernard; Mosenthin, R.; Jansman, A.J.M.; Fernández, J. A.; Lange, C. F. M. de

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.019

Cited by 94 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…In vivo, ileal endogenous nitrogen and AA losses can be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses, which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics, such as levels and types of fibre and ANF. Correcting AID values for both basal and specific endogenous CP and AA losses, yields TID values, whereas correction of AID values for basal endogenous losses yields SID values for CP and AA (Stein et al, 2007). Thus, SID of CP (nitrogen 3 6.25) and AA can be predicted from in vitro enzyme digestibility of CP (nitrogen 3 6.25) after correction for the specific endogenous CP losses (nitrogen 3 6.25) of the assay feed ingredient (Equations (1) to (4)), which have been shown to correspond linearly to indigestible DM content (Boisen and Ferná ndez, 1995;Boisen, 1998).…”

Section: Grain Legume Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro prediction of standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in grain legumes for growing pigs

Jezierny

Mosenthin

Sauer

et al. 2010

Animal

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The study was conducted to validate in vitro prediction of standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in grain legumes for growing pigs using six different cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba), six different cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum), and five different cultivars of lupins (Lupinus spp.). The SID for CP and AA were predicted from in vitro analysis by means of a two-step enzymatic method using pepsin and pancreatin incubations. In vitro predicted SID values of CP and AA were generally higher than the corresponding SID values measured in vivo. There were strong linear relationships (r 2 5 0.73 for Lys to r 2 5 0.91 for Cys and Trp) between in vivo and in vitro predicted SID values in the assay feed ingredients if grain legume species (i.e. faba beans, field peas and lupins) was included as a covariate in multiple linear regression analysis. However, to rapidly and accurately predict SID of CP and AA in individual batches of various feed ingredients, further studies are warranted.Keywords: standardised ileal digestibility, in vitro, grain legumes, amino acids, pigs ImplicationsClose linear relationships between in vivo standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) and in vitro predicted SID values for crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in faba beans, field peas and lupins were obtained. However, probably due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors, differences between in vitro predicted SID and in vivo SID values varied between and within these grain legume species. Thus, further validation of the in vitro assay based on the results of in vivo SID studies is required before being used for the prediction of SID of CP and AA in feed ingredients and diets for pigs.

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Section: Grain Legume Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro prediction of standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in grain legumes for growing pigs

Jezierny

Mosenthin

Sauer

et al. 2010

Animal

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“…In particular, the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp requirement expressed as a ratio to Lys (Trp:Lys) is considered a practical approach for diet formulation (Stein et al, 2007); however, the observed SID Trp:Lys ratio requirement varies considerably among studies. For example, NRC (2012) estimates the SID Trp requirement at 16.3% of Lys for nursery pigs, but Guzik et al (2005) estimated a SID Trp:Lys requirement of greater than 19.5%, and Simongiovanni et al (2012) concluded that it was 17% to 22% of Lys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs12

Gonçalves

Nitikanchana

Tokach

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Science

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Tryptophan is an important limiting AA in corn and soybean meal-based diets of nursery and finishing pigs (Lewis, 2000). As the availability of feedgrade AA, including Trp, increases, so does their use as replacement for intact protein sources in swine diets. The Trp requirement in swine diets can be ABSTRACT: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio requirement for growth performance of nursery pigs. Experimental diets were formulated to ensure that lysine was the second limiting AA throughout the experiments. In Exp. 1 (6 to 10 kg BW), 255 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 6.3 ± 0.15 kg, mean ± SD) arranged in pens of 6 or 7 pigs were blocked by pen weight and assigned to experimental diets (7 pens/ diet) consisting of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.7%, 16.5%, 18.4%, 20.3%, 22.1%, and 24.0% for 14 d with 1.30% SID Lys. In Exp. 2 (11 to 20 kg BW), 1,088 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 11.2 kg ± 1.35 BW, mean ± SD) arranged in pens of 24 to 27 pigs were blocked by average pig weight and assigned to experimental diets (6 pens/diet) consisting of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.5%, 16.5%, 18.0%, 19.5%, 21.0%, 22.5%, and 24.5% for 21 d with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles and 0.97% SID Lys. Each experiment was analyzed using general linear mixed models with heterogeneous residual variances. Competing heteroskedastic models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP). For each response, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. In Exp. 1 (6 to 10 kg BW), increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. For ADG, the best-fitting model was a QP in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 23.

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“…Likewise, true ileal digestibility values should not be used in diet formulations unless specific ileal endogenous AA losses are measured and considered in determining the animal's AA requirement (Stein et al, 2007a). Therefore, SID values are recommended for use in diet formulations (Stein et al, 2007b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine for finishing barrows fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

Xie¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2014

Czech J. Anim. Sci.

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Optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan (Trp) to lysine (Lys) ratio was estimated for 67-96 kg barrows fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AA). One hundred and fifty Yorkshire × Landrace barrows, with an average initial body weight (BW) of 67.3 ± 3.2 kg, were used in a 28-day feeding trial. All dietary treatments were based on corn, wheat bran, and soybean meal and were formulated to provide 10.5% crude protein and 12.6 MJ/kg metabolizable energy. The dietary SID Lys was set at 0.61% ensuring that Lys was marginally deficient for barrows of this weight range. Graded levels of crystalline l-Trp were added to the basal diet to produce diets providing SID Trp to Lys ratios of 0.131, 0.164, 0.197, 0.230, and 0.262. There were improvements in weight gain (linear and quadratic effect P < 0.01) and feed intake (linear effect P = 0.04) with increasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratio. Increased SID Trp to Lys ratio resulted in a decrease in the serum urea nitrogen (SUN) content (linear and quadratic effect P < 0.01). The serum concentration of Trp increased with increasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratio (linear effect P = 0.03, quadratic effect P = 0.08). Estimates of the optimum SID Trp to Lys ratios were 0.203, 0.197, and 0.214 for weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and SUN, respectively, using a broken-line model while a quadratic model produced optimum SID Trp to Lys ratios of 0.251, 0.224, and 0.249 for the same parameters. The results of this experiment indicate that the SID Trp to Lys ratio for finishing barrows is at least 0.203, which is higher than the SID ratio of Trp to Lys currently recommended by the National Research Council (NRC, 2012).

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Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs

Cited by 94 publications

References 10 publications

In vitro prediction of standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in grain legumes for growing pigs

In vitro prediction of standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in grain legumes for growing pigs

Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs12

Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine for finishing barrows fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

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