Definition of Clay and Clay Mineral: Joint Report of the Aipea Nomenclature and CMS Nomenclature Committees

Guggenheim, Stephen; Martin, R. T.

doi:10.1346/ccmn.1995.0430213

Cited by 303 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Clays as assemblies of silicate minerals are proper candidates for key elements in prebiotic evolution, since they can replicate and can form a dynamic basis for the assembly of poly-alpha-aminoacids and poly-nucleotides in the process of the polymerization to oligomers (Ferris, 1996;Guggenheim, 1995;Hashizume, 2012). Yet polymerization alone is not sufficient: also a distinct functional sequence of the particular eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com 115 building blocks is required.…”

Section: Electromagnetic Signaling Properties Of Clay Under Quantum Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Wave Information of Life Revealed: An Algorithm for Electromagnetic Frequencies that Create Stability of Biological Order, With Implications for Brain Function and Consciousness

Geesink¹,

Meijer

2016

Neuroquantology

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We propose a hypothesis of a mathematical algorithm for coherent quantum frequencies, that may create stability of biological order. The concept is based on an extensive literature survey, comprising 175 articles from 1950 to 2015, dealing with effects of electromagnetic radiation on in vitro and in vivo life systems, indicating that typical discrete coherent frequencies of electromagnetic waves are able to stabilize cells, whereas others cause a clear destabilization. We find support for the hypothesis of H. Fröhlich, that a driven set of oscillators condenses in a broad energy range, may activate a vibrational mode in life organisms at room temperature. Taking into account the life sustaining frequencies, as extracted from literature, an algorithm of coherent frequencies of standing waves for the stability of biological order was inferred. Interestingly, we found that the origin of the particular biological algorithm can be mathematically approached by a selected "tempered Pythagorean" reference acoustic scale. The algorithm expresses one-dimensional wave equations known for vibrating strings. The origin of the biological algorithm was condensed in a mathematical expression, in which all frequencies have ratios of 1:2 and closely approach ratios of 2:3. This inferred algorithm was subsequently verified with regard to various frequencies of electromagnetic waves, as applied in the above-mentioned independent biological studies. It was also matched with a range of 23 different measured quantum resonances emitted by a selected inorganic silicate mineral, that is able to catalyze the oligomerization of RNA. The selected silicate was experimentally shown to act as a quantum replicator, specifically emitting EM radiation at frequencies that are fully in line with this algorithm. Such silicate quantum replicators, therefore may have been instrumental in the initiation of first replicating, life, cells at the edge of pre-biotic evolution. Our model may imply that, at the quantum scale, an underlying electromagnetically defined order may have been present, that was a prerequisite for the coding of synthesis and functional arrangement of cellular elements in biological evolution. Far infrared dynamics, reminiscent of coherent nonrelativistic super fluids in 3+1-dimensions, may have played a role. Finally, we address the question whether the identified electromagnetic fields may also influence neural systems in general and human (self) consciousness in particular. We are finding support for recent electromagnetic and stochastic zero-point energy field theories in quantum consciousness studies. The striking similarity of electromagnetic wave frequencies, detected by us in the biological studies, and in selected clay minerals, as well as in color spectra, tone scales and sound induced geometric Chladni patterns, may indicate that we identified the involvement of a universal electromagnetic principle, that underlies the observed life sustaining effects and also may have been instrumental in the creation of biologica...

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Section: Electromagnetic Signaling Properties Of Clay Under Quantum Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Wave Information of Life Revealed: An Algorithm for Electromagnetic Frequencies that Create Stability of Biological Order, With Implications for Brain Function and Consciousness

Geesink¹,

Meijer

2016

Neuroquantology

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“…Bentonite refers to a naturally occurring material which consists primarily of fine-grained particles, which is generally plastic at appropriate water contents and hardens when it is dried or fired [1]. Major clay minerals in bentonites are smectites, such as montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, nontronite, and hectorite [1]- [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Major clay minerals in bentonites are smectites, such as montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, nontronite, and hectorite [1]- [3]. Two types of octahedral sheets occur in smectites: the dioctahedral type, where two-thirds of the octahedral sites are occupied mainly by trivalent cations, e.g., Al (III) or Fe (III), and the trioctahedral type, with most of the sites occupied by divalent cations, e.g., Mg (II).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hydrochloric Acid on the Structural of Sodic-Bentonite Clay

Bendou¹,

Amrani²

2014

JMMCE

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The objective of this work is to determine changes of surface properties of a bentonite after acid activation, using hydrochloric acid solutions (HCl) at room temperature. XRD, FX, FTIR, MEB, and BET analyses of the samples have been carried out to examine the structure of bentonite before and after acid activation. It is found that the raw bentonite is composed of dioctahedral montmorillonite with predominant quantity and certain amounts of quartz, albite and illite, etc. It has an cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 74.32 meq/g which allows it to be characterized as typical sodium bentonite. The changes, at low acid concentrations, are the result from from cation exchange (exchangeable cations with H + ions). Differences of surface area at high acid concentrations (0.25 -0.4 M) were caused by structural changes and partial decomposition of the samples. Data of surface area measurements have showed that with increase of concentration of hydrochloric acid, the surface area increased. The maximum value (837.11 m 2 /g) was reached by the sample activated with 0.4 M HCl. By against, activation with higher concentration (0.6 M) caused a decrease in the surface area.

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“…The JNCs have proposed the term a class of hydrated phyllosilicates forming the fine-grained fraction of rocks, sediments, and soils and have defined 'clay' as ''a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which is generally plastic at appropriate water contents and will harden when dried or fired'' [1]. According to this definition synthetic clays and clay-like materials are not regarded as clay even though they may be fine grained, and display the attributes of plasticity and hardening on drying and firing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%