Defoliation and mycorrhizal symbiosis: a functional balance between carbon sources and below‐ground sinks

Saikkonen, Kari; Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla; Markkola, Annamari; Helander, Marjo; Tuomi, Juha; Roitto, Marja; Ranta, Hanna

doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.21042.x

Cited by 83 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Simulated herbivory of host trees has been found to decrease the number of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa with abundant external mycelia (Saikkonen et al 1999, Kuikka et al 2003, Saravesi et al 2008. A lower fungi : bacteria ratio in the soil may also indicate a higher abundance of soil bacteria after moth herbivory due to changes in the substrate, i.e., frass deposition and low-phenolic litter (Fierer et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moth herbivory enhances resource turnover in subarctic mountain birch forests?

Kaukonen

Ruotsalainen

Wäli

et al. 2013

Ecology

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Abstract. Massive moth outbreaks cause large-scale damage in subarctic mountain birch forests with a concomitant decrease in carbon flux to mycorrhizal fungi and an increased deposition of dissolved carbon and nutrients as moth frass into soil. We investigated impacts of moth herbivory along three replicated gradients with three levels of moth herbivory (undamaged, once damaged, repeatedly damaged) on soil nutrient levels and biological parameters. We found an increase in soil nutrients and in the biomass of enchytraeid worms, which are key faunal decomposers. Fungi : bacteria ratio and C:N ratio decreased in humus with increasing severity of herbivory. Our findings suggest enhanced resource turnover in mountain birch forests due to massive moth herbivory. This may provide a shortcut for carbon and nutrient input to subarctic soils, which largely bypasses the main routes of carbon from plants to soil via mycorrhizal and litter-decomposing fungi. Moreover, a temporal shift occurs in carbon allocation to soil, providing decomposers an opportunity to use an earlyseason peak in resource availability. Our results suggest a hitherto unappreciated role of massive insect herbivore attacks on resource dynamics in subarctic ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moth herbivory enhances resource turnover in subarctic mountain birch forests?

Kaukonen

Ruotsalainen

Wäli

et al. 2013

Ecology

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“…However, authors note that it is not clear whether ECM colonization was the driver of increased plant height or rather if larger trees contributed to an increase in ECM colonization [31]; regardless, both are indicative of healthy tree establishment on this site. Chestnuts seedlings that did not perform as well on this site may not have been able to produce enough carbon to support greater than 25% root colonization by ECM fungi, assuming carbon limitation as a mechanism behind the decrease in ECM colonization [60,61]. Additionally, elements needed for plant growth in trace amounts (Ag, Al, Mn, and Pb) were found to be in relatively low concentrations in this field site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Soil Metals and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with American Chestnut Hybrids as Reclamation Trees on Formerly Coal Mined Land

Bauman

Adamson

Brisbin

et al. 2017

International Journal of Agronomy

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Hybrid chestnut (Castanea dentata × C. mollissima) has the potential to provide a valuable agroforestry crop on formerly coal mined landscapes. However, the soil interactions of mycorrhizal fungi and buried metals associated with mining are not known. This study examined soil, plant tissue, and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root colonization on eight-year-old hybrid (BC 1 F 3 and BC 2 F 3 ) and American chestnuts on a reclaimed coal mine in Ohio, USA. Chestnut trees were measured and ECM colonization on roots was quantified. Leaves, flowers, and soil were analyzed for heavy metals. Differences were not detected among tree types regarding metal accumulation in plant tissue or ECM colonization. BC 2 F 3 hybrids had greater survival and less cankers than American chestnuts ( = 0.006 and <0.0001). Taller trees were associated with greater ECM root colonization and correlated with an increase in Al uptake ( = 0.02 and 0.01). When comparing tissue, manganese and aluminum were in higher concentrations in leaves than flowers, where copper and selenium were significantly higher in floral tissue ( < 0.05). All trees were flowering at this time meriting further examination in nut tissue. Block effects for selenium and zinc indicate the variability in reclaimed soils requiring further monitoring for possible elemental transfer to nut and wood tissue.

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“…The ectomycorrhizal fungal community has been shown to change both in experiments with elevated CO2 with a potentially higher C supply to the roots [9,25,51] and in defoliation experiments with a potentially lower C supply to the roots [52][53][54]. In both of these experimental manipulations, the change in ectomycorrhizal fungal community has often manifested itself as a shift between morphotypes differing in mantle thickness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both of these experimental manipulations, the change in ectomycorrhizal fungal community has often manifested itself as a shift between morphotypes differing in mantle thickness. A reduction in C flux to roots mediated through defoliation seems to favour smooth mycorrhizal types and disfavour types that produce thick mantles and rhizomorphs [52][53][54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Affects Ectomycorrhizal Species Abundance and Increases Sporocarp Production under Field Conditions

Godbold

Vašutová

Wilkinson

et al. 2015

Forests

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Anthropogenic activities during the last century have increased levels of atmospheric CO2. Forest net primary productivity increases in response to elevated CO2, altering the quantity and quality of carbon supplied to the rhizosphere. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form obligate symbiotic associations with the fine roots of trees that mediate improved scavenging for nutrients in exchange for a carbohydrate supply. Understanding how the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi is altered by climate change is important to further our understanding of ecosystem function. Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica were grown in an elevated CO2 atmosphere delivered using free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) under field conditions in the U.K., and Picea abies was grown under elevated CO2 in glass domes in the Czech Republic. We used morphotyping and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the fungal ribosomal operon to study ectomycorrhizal OPEN ACCESSForests 2015, 5 1257 community structure. Under FACE, un-colonised roots tips increased in abundance for Fagus sylvatica, and during 2006, sporocarp biomass of Peziza badia significantly increased. In domes, ectomycorrhizal community composition shifted from short-distance and smooth medium-distance to contact exploration types. Supply and competition for carbon belowground can influence ectomycorrhizal community structure with the potential to alter ecosystem function.

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Defoliation and mycorrhizal symbiosis: a functional balance between carbon sources and below‐ground sinks

Cited by 83 publications

References 28 publications

Moth herbivory enhances resource turnover in subarctic mountain birch forests?

Moth herbivory enhances resource turnover in subarctic mountain birch forests?

Soil Metals and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with American Chestnut Hybrids as Reclamation Trees on Formerly Coal Mined Land

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Affects Ectomycorrhizal Species Abundance and Increases Sporocarp Production under Field Conditions

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