“…5,6,16,24,25,32,45,60,62,63 Except the method presented by Sadowsky et al, 45 and the method presented by Mahfouz et al, 32 which depend on a deformable 2D/3D registration between the digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) of a SSM and the X-ray images, all other methods have their reliance on feature-based statistical instantiation from a Point Distribution Model (PDM) in common. 5,6,16,24,25,60,62,63 Common to all these previous works on reconstructing a patient-specific 3D model from X-ray images are: (a) at least two images are used 5,6,16,18,21,24,25,27,29,32,[36][37][38]43,45,60,62,63 ; and/or (b) all images are calibrated. 5,6,16,18,21,24,25,27,29,…”