Deformation Process of 3D Printed Structures Made from Flexible Material with Different Values of Relative Density

Płatek, Paweł; Rajkowski, Kamil; Cieplak, Kamil; Sarzyński, Marcin; Małachowski, Jerzy; Woźniak, Ryszard; Janiszewski, Jacek

doi:10.3390/polym12092120

Cited by 62 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…It seems that pure PA12 goes to plastic regime earlier that TPC and therefore its load bearing and energy absorbing capacity is less than that of the pure TPC sample. As mentioned previously, deformations usually start from the top of the sample that is close to the indenter, and this observation was reported in most of experimental studies [ 15 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 43 ]. Although we do not have any experimental results on multi-material samples, we wanted to have the collapse from the top layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…In general, by comparing numerical results with the corresponding experimental results by Platek et al [ 34 ], there is a good agreement between the present FEM results and experimental data under such a large deformation. Regarding the deformed configurations of samples ( Figure 6 and Figure 8 ), deformations usually start from the top of the sample that is close to the indenter, and this observation was reported in most of experimental studies [ 15 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 43 ]. It should be mentioned that the difference between the experimental data of 3D printed structures and numerical simulations could be due to geometrical imperfection in the 3D printed samples and simplifications of the model used in the present study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Moreover, many structures in the nature such as bone have distinctive properties. Therefore, lattice structures with graded changes in the size, properties and volume fraction, named functionally graded (FG) lattice structures, are exceptional alternatives [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Therefore, mechanical performance and energy absorption of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D lattice structures can be tuned by integrating graded size, multiple material (volume fraction of materials, soft-hard interactions and configurations) through rational design and triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) or topology optimization [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corrugated and (meta-) sandwich structures are one of the common applications of lattice structures for the application of impact, bending resistance and energy absorbing systems [ 31 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The improvement of energy absorption of 2D lattice structures was experimentally and numerically investigated by gradual changes in the size of the unit cells [ 18 , 34 ]. Moreover, 3D mechanical lattice structures (made of TPMS) have been investigated recently for the application of energy absorbers [ 12 , 17 , 21 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Absorption and Mechanical Performance of Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Lattice Structures

et al. 2021

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Today, the rational combination of materials and design has enabled the development of bio-inspired lattice structures with unprecedented properties to mimic biological features. The present study aims to investigate the mechanical performance and energy absorption capacity of such sophisticated hybrid soft–hard structures with gradient lattices. The structures are designed based on the diversity of materials and graded size of the unit cells. By changing the unit cell size and arrangement, five different graded lattice structures with various relative densities made of soft and hard materials are numerically investigated. The simulations are implemented using ANSYS finite element modeling (FEM) (2020 R1, 2020, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) considering elastic-plastic and the hardening behavior of the materials and geometrical non-linearity. The numerical results are validated against experimental data on three-dimensional (3D)-printed lattices revealing the high accuracy of the FEM. Then, by combination of the dissimilar soft and hard polymeric materials in a homogenous hexagonal lattice structure, two dual-material mechanical lattice statures are designed, and their mechanical performance and energy absorption are studied. The results reveal that not only gradual changes in the unit cell size provide more energy absorption and improve mechanical performance, but also the rational combination of soft and hard materials make the lattice structure with the maximum energy absorption and stiffness, in comparison to those structures with a single material, interesting for multi-functional applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Energy Absorption and Mechanical Performance of Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Lattice Structures

et al. 2021

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“…Buckling failure of the sandwich structures under the flatwise compression has been observed to initiate and localized in the HC cores [ 11 , 29 ]. In addition, failure also initiated in the HC core at the core/face sheet interface of the sandwich structures under the flexural loading [ 8 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representative Cell Analysis for Damage-Based Failure Model of Polymer Hexagonal Honeycomb Structure under the Out-of-Plane Loadings

et al. 2020

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The honeycomb (HC) core of sandwich structures undergoes flexural loading and carries the normal compression and shear. The mechanical properties and deformation response of the core need to be established for the design requirements. In this respect, this article describes the development of the smallest possible representative cell (RC) models for quantifying the deformation and failure process of the Nomex polymer-based hexagonal HC core structure under the out-of-plane quasi-static loadings. While the hexagonal single and multi-cell models are suitable for the tension and compression, a six-cell model is the simplest RC model developed for shear in the transverse and ribbon direction. Hashin’s matrix and fiber damage equations are employed in simulating the failure process of the orthotropic cell walls, using the finite element (FE) analysis. The FE-calculated load–displacement curves are validated with the comparable measured responses throughout the loading to failure. The location of the fracture plane of the critical cell wall in the out-of-plane tension case is well predicted. The wrinkling of the cell walls, leading to the structural buckling of the HC core specimen in the compression test, compares well with the observed failure mechanisms. In addition, the observed localized buckling of the cell wall by the induced compressive stress during the out-of-plane shear in both the transverse and ribbon direction is explained. The mesoscale RC models of the polymer hexagonal HC core structure have adequately demonstrated the ability to predict the mechanics of deformation and the mechanisms of failure.

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Mechanical characterization of thermoplastic elastomers based on olefin processed through material extrusion

Adrover-Monserrat

Llumà

Jerez-Mesa

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Thermoplastic elastomeric materials are processable through 3D printing. These materials demonstrate excellent mechanical properties, along with good flexibility. A better understanding of the creation of bonds between the filaments of these copolymers is still needed. When extruded, these materials have shown to have a different behavior compared to commonly known thermoplastic materials. The methodology, hereby presented, relies on the tensile tests of 3D-printed samples of two thermoplastic elastomers based on olefin: TPO 90A and TPO 96A. In order to study the effect of printing parameters on the mechanical behavior of the samples, these have been manufactured following a full factorial design of experiments. Statistical influences were evaluated with an analysis of variance. Layer height and fill density were the variable parameters. Eventually, these two parameters were shown to have a significant effect on the mechanical properties studied (Young’s modulus and yield strength). Once all the results were analyzed, the presented methodology was applied to another set of specimens. These had been manufactured with a different printer and with the same material but colored. The analysis of variance showed that, although the mechanical properties were affected by the color pigments, the trends of this analysis and the recommended manufacturing values did not vary. The results showed that when working with thermoplastic elastomers and in order to maximize Young’s modulus and yield strength, a 0.3-mm layer height and a 75% fill density should be selected.

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Deformation Process of 3D Printed Structures Made from Flexible Material with Different Values of Relative Density

Cited by 62 publications

References 56 publications

Energy Absorption and Mechanical Performance of Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Lattice Structures

Energy Absorption and Mechanical Performance of Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Lattice Structures

Representative Cell Analysis for Damage-Based Failure Model of Polymer Hexagonal Honeycomb Structure under the Out-of-Plane Loadings

Mechanical characterization of thermoplastic elastomers based on olefin processed through material extrusion

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