Deformed QCD phase structure and entropy oscillation in the presence of a magnetic background

Abstract

The QCD phase transitions are investigated in the presence of an external magnetic field in the Polyakov improved Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. We detailedly analyze that how the filling of multiple Landau levels by light (up and down) quarks deforms the QCD phase structure under different magnetic fields. In particular, we concentrate on the phase transition under a magnetic field possibly reachable in the non-central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. The numerical result shows that two first-order transitions or more complicate phase transition in the light quark sector can exist for some magnetic fields, different from the phase structure under a very strong or zero magnetic field. These phenomena are very interesting and possibly relevant to the non-central heavy-ion collision experiments with colliding energies at several A GeV as well as the equation of state of magnetars. Besides, we investigate the entropy oscillation with the increase of baryon density in a magnetic background.

Dependence of Temperatures and Kinetic Freeze-Out Volume on Centrality in Au-Au and Pb-Pb Collisions at High Energy

“…where p 0 and n are free parameters and A is the normalized constant related to the free parameters. The inverse power law is obtained from the calculus of QCD [3][4][5] and has at least three revisions, which is out of focus of the present work and will not be discussed further. Different probability density functions can be used to describe the contributions of the soft excitation and hard scattering processes.…”

“…The characterization of phase transition in finite systems is a fascinating multidisciplinary topic which has been studied for decades [1,2] within different phenomenological applications. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have been providing excellent tools to determine the phase structure of the strongly interacting Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) matter [3][4][5] and to study the properties of QGP [6][7][8].…”

Kinetic Freeze-Out Temperature and Transverse Flow Velocity in Au-Au Collisions at RHIC-BES Energies

“…One of the most fundamental questions in nuclear matter is to determine the phase structure of the strongly-interacting quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter [1,2,3]. The yield ratios, transverse momentum (p T ) spectra and other data for various identified particles produced in proton-proton (pp), proton-nucleus (pA) and nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions at high energies are important observable quantities for determining the phase structure.…”

Electromagnetic fields from the extended Kharzeev-McLerran-Warringa model in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

“…(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) in the vacuum or Eqs. (22)(23)(24)(25)(26) in the medium hence can further be used for many EM fields related studies, such as the CME related charge asymmetry fluctuations like a ++ or a +− correlators [2,68,87,110], CME current J = σ χ B and its related studies for chiral magnetic conductivity σ χ [44], in-medium particle mass [53][54][55][56][57][58][59] as well as the QCD phase diagram under strong magnetic field [60][61][62][63][64][65], and so on.…”

“…the induction of chiral symmetry breaking [51], the influences on chiral condensation [52], and the modification of in-medium particle mass [53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. As an important consequence, the QCD phase diagram may be dynamically modified by such a strong magnetic field [60][61][62][63][64], e.g. color-superconducting phases at very high baryon densities could also be strongly affected by the strong magnetic field [65].…”