Degradation and Mobility of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and Nonylphenol in Sludge‐Amended Soil

Jacobsen, Anne; Mortensen, G.K.; Hansen, Hans Christian Bruun

doi:10.2134/jeq2004.2320

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Vogel et al (2003) showed that NP leaching is extremely limited, since most NP was found within the first 30 cm of the surface. Jacobsen et al (2004) also indicated that downward transport of NP was negligible in a lysimeter experiment. However, the slight solubility of NP might allow some leaching and some bioavailability of this chemical (Brix et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Sjöström et al (2008) reported half-lifes in different soils of around 7-20 days for NP and 5-30 days for NP12EO. Jacobsen et al (2004), in an outdoor lysimeter experiment, reported a 45% decline in NP concentration following amendment with sludge after only 10 days, while NP was undetectable after 110 days. Petersen et al (2003) in agricultural amendments with sewage sludge with low levels of NP, failed to find detectable concentrations of NP 200 days after the application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

et al. 2009

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Background, aim, and scope Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) are a widely used class of nonionic surfactants known to be toxic and endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Their use and production have been banned in the European Union and substituted by other surfactants considered as environmentally safer. However, their use continues in many countries without any legal control. Discharges of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the application of sewage sludge application, landfilling, and accidental spillage to soils are the major sources of NPEOs in the environment. The biodegradation of these surfactants is relatively easy, leading to the accumulation of the simplest chemical forms of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO) and nonylphenol carboxy acids (NP2EC or NP1EC). However, these are also the most toxic end-products and have a higher environmental persistence. Compared to aquatic ecosystems, not much is known about the effects of NPEOs in terrestrial organisms, with few studies mainly centered on the effects on plants and soil microorganisms. The main aim of this study is to provide the range of concentrations of NPEOs with ecotoxicological effects on different plants and soil invertebrate species. In addition, we aim to identify the main soil properties influencing their toxicity.Materials and methods Two natural soils collected and OECD artificial soil were used in toxicity bioassays. Two different NPEO formulations were tested. On the one hand, a technical mixture of NPEOs containing chain isomers and oligomers with an average of eight ethoxy units was used for the experiments and is referred to herein as NP8EO. On the other hand, technical-grade 4-nonylphenol 95% purity was also used and called NP in this study. The chemicals were applied and mixed with soil as an acetone solution. The toxicity of NP8EO and NP was assessed in different taxonomical groups (plants, earthworms, enchytraeids, and collembolans) according to their respective standardized methods. The effect on lethal and sublethal endpoints was assessed and, by means of linear and non-linear regression models, the NPEO concentration causing 10% and 50% inhibition was estimated. The influence of soil properties on the toxicity was assessed using generalized linear models (GLM). Results The chemicals tested showed contrasting toxicities, NP being clearly more toxic than NP8EO. There were also substantial differences in the sensitivity of the species and endpoints, together with clearly different toxicities in different soils. Plants were the least affected group compared to soil invertebrates, since plant endpoints were unaffected or only slightly inhibited. In soil invertebrates, reproduction was the most affected endpoint compared to growth or survival. Toxicity was the lowest in OECD artificial soil in comparison to natural soils, with a lower organic matter content. Discussion The higher toxicity of NP, both in plant and soil invertebrate bioassays, is consistent with previously published studies and its relatively high p...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

et al. 2009

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“…2b). The poor downward transport of LAS in soil and sediments has been often reported in the previous literature (León et al 2001;Jacobsen et al 2004). The maximal concentration of the surfactant was measured in the upper fractions of the LAS50 microcosms after 7 days and widely exceeded those reached in soil after sludge amendment (Jensen et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Influence of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on the structure of Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria communities in a soil microcosm

Sánchez-Peinado

González‐López

Martínez-Toledo

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Previous studies by others authors, based on biological and chemical tests, concluded that LAS toxicity was not an important microbial selection factor in sludge amended soil, while work based on the use of molecular fingerprinting to evaluate the impact of LAS in aqueous media and marine sediments showed that concentrations as low as 1 mg l(-1) significantly influence the development of the bacterial community structure. Although TGGE is not a strictly quantitative method due to the bias introduced by the PCR reaction, changes of band intensity through experiments are a consequence of a change in the relative abundance of the corresponding populations in the community and can be used as a semiquantitative measure of bacterial diversity. Our results evidence that the Phenylobacterium population represented by band class 7 was favored by the presence of increasing concentrations of LAS in the soil and turned into a dominant population, suggesting its possible ability to use LAS in soil as a source of nutrients. As studies with pure cultures are required to confirm the ability of this population to degrade LAS, isolation strategies are currently under development in our laboratory. The weak effect of LAS on the structure of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria communities is particularly interesting, as to our knowledge, there are no previous reports regarding the effects of LAS on these bacterial groups in soil. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES: The Phenylobacterium-related alphaproteobacterial population identified in this work was selectively enriched in LAS polluted soil and is a plausible candidate to play a relevant role in the biotransformation of the surfactant under the conditions tested. The surfactant had no remarkable effects on the Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria fingerprints in soil, even when present at concentrations widely exceeding those reached in soil immediately after sludge application. TGGE fingerprinting provides a reliable and low time-consuming method for the monitoring of the bacterial community structure and dynamics, and we recommend its integration with the biological and chemical analyses usually applied in risk assessment of LAS in the environment.

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“…Nevertheless, these methodologies present several disadvantages, such as the high extraction time for Soxhlet (8-24 h) or the large volumes of solvents needed ($200 ml for Soxhlet and 50-150 ml for ultrasound). Modern extraction procedures such as pressure liquid extraction (PLE) [7,15,20,22], microwaveassisted extraction (MAE) [12,30], supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [31], or ultrasonic extraction [11,32] are being used as alternatives because of their high efficiency within shorter extraction times (5-10 min) and the lower solvent volume needed (5-20 ml). However, some of these methodologies are tedious, time consuming, and require one or two solidphase extraction (SPE) steps for concentration and cleanup of samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix effect study in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge samples

Cantarero

Zafra-Gómez

Ballesteros

et al. 2011

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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We propose a study of the matrix effect in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludge samples. First, a rapid, selective and sensitive method is proposed. The method involves two stages: the extraction of the compound from the samples and analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). Three different techniques of extraction (microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and ultrasounds) were compared, and microwave-assisted extraction was selected as the best suited for our purpose. Microwave-assisted extraction allows reducing the extraction time (25 min compared with 12 h for conventional Soxhlet extraction) and solvent waste (25 ml of methanol compared with 200 ml for Soxhlet or more than 50 ml for the ultrasonic procedure). Absence of matrix effect was evaluated with two standards (2ØC(8:0) and 2ØC(16:0) ) that are not commercial; therefore, neither of them was detected in sewage sludge samples and they showed similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to LAS (C(11:0) -C(13.0) ), which allow us to evaluate the matrix effect. Validation was carried out by a recovery assay, and the method was applied to samples from different sources; therefore, they had different compositions.

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Degradation and Mobility of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and Nonylphenol in Sludge‐Amended Soil

Cited by 33 publications

References 39 publications

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

Influence of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on the structure of Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria communities in a soil microcosm

Matrix effect study in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge samples

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