Degradation Kinetics of Jujuboside a by Rat Intestinal Flora and Identification of the Metabolites by HPLC-Ms/Ms

Abstract

Jujuboside A (JuA) is a representative saponin with significant sedative and hypnotic effects.Up to now, there were many arguments on its metabolic mechanism. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed for investigating the degradation characteristics of JuA incubated with rat feces. With the method, the degradation kinetics of JuA was studied. The results showed JuA decomposed rapidly. It could decompose nearly 100% in only 4-6 h. The degradation regularity was consistent with the first dynamic process. In addition, seven metabolites were determined and identified to be the serial hydrolysis products of JuA. The results revealed that gastrointestinal microbiota played an indispensable role in the metabolic process of JuA. JuA may be a supplier of sugars under the hydrolysis effect induced by the bacterial enzymes. At the same time, its aglycone was produced as a by-product, which could be easier to be absorbed into the body to perform its specific bioactivities.

In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Bacoside A Aglycones and Its Derivatives as the Constituents Responsible for the Cognitive Effects of Bacopa monnieri

“…Therefore, the bacosides are likely to undergo transformation in vivo to remove the sugar units as well as other biotransformations, that result in metabolites that may mediate the memory enhancing and cognitive activities. This is consistent with other neuropharmacologically active plants such as ginseng [ 12 ], Ginkgo biloba [ 49 ] and jujube (red date) [ 13 , 14 ], where their respective active constituents are formed via the metabolism of the parent compounds in vivo .…”

“…CBG is capable of hydrolyzing a broad range of glycosides including glucosides, galactosides, xylosides, arabinosides, and fucosides [ 54 ]. Besides this, glycosides that are not substrates for LPH, CBG and SGLT-1, will be transported towards the colon where they may be hydrolyzed by colonic bacteria to release the aglycones, which can then be absorbed into the systemic circulation via passive uptake [ 12 , 14 , 55 ].…”

“…Saponins are susceptible to glycosidic cleavage at various sites to form secondary metabolites and finally the aglycone [ 11 ]. Triterpenoid saponins from other neuropharmacologically active plants such as ginsenoside [ 12 ] and jujuboside [ 13 , 14 ] have shown that instead of the parent saponins, the metabolites transformed in vivo give better biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics. A recent study by Le et al [ 15 ] showed that a B .…”

Dietary effects of soybean products on gut microbiota and immunity of aquatic animals: A review

“…A controversial hypothesis is the induced enteritis due to saponins and/ or to the gut microbiota; as it is well known that gut bacteria promote intestinal inflammation (e.g., Ding et al, 2010;Peek & Blaser, 1996;Yan, Yang, & Ji, 2009). However, to the author's knowledge, no information is available on the effect of soy saponins on gut microbiota in salmonids, in contrast to that reported for other sources of saponins on gut microbiota of endothermic animals (Chen, Tai, & Hsiao, 2015;Gong, Xiao, Wang, & Yang, 2014;Juan, Zhang, Wang, An, & Wang, 2013;Wan et al, 2013;Zhang, Xie, Zhang, & Zhang, 2014). However, it is revealed that SBMIE lead to modulation of the Atlantic salmon gut microbiota (Reveco et al, 2014) and bacterial DNA in rainbow trout plasma (Mosberian-Tanha et al, 2016), as well as oxazole-induced enteritis in zebrafish modulate the gut microbiota (Brugman et al, 2009).…”

Symbolic Metabolite Analysis of Pickled Wax Gourd in Eastern China by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data

“…Metabolomic studies have been applied in food science with the aim to determine geographical origin and particular organoleptic characteristics of varied products, such as potato, watermelon, wheat, rice, and green tea, [8] as well as the characterization and quality evaluation of special species. [9][10][11][12] Metabolomics analysis of clinically relevant bacteria can also be performed in combination with HPLC or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). [13,14] Ye et al [15] also performed a nutrients and quality assessment of crab paste by 1 HNMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.…”