Degradation of anticorrosive agent benzotriazole by electron beam irradiation: Mechanisms, degradation pathway and toxicological analysis

Efficient Degradation of High-Concentration Benzotriazole Wastewater via UV/H2O2/O3 Operation: Degradation Mechanism, Toxicological Evaluation, and Economic Analysis

“…This calculation may reveal the potential sites attacked by O 3 . As listed in Table and shown in Figure , sites with higher f α values were preferentially attacked by the corresponding active species . Hence, based on the f + values, O 3 tends to attack the C6 atom in the benzene ring, resulting in the generation of an ozone–benzene adduct (intermediate A) through electrophilic addition.…”

“…The degradation of BTZ is assumed to proceed via three routes: hydroxylation, oxidation, and cleavage. Primarily, the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring and amidogen were successively replaced by ·OH according to the f 0 values, resulting in the generation of intermediate G. However, owing to the lower concentration, it was not detectable in the solution, which was fired as one of the products in the degradation of BTZ according to a previous study . Under the continuous attack of ·OH radicals, the benzene ring is susceptible to breakage, and the hydroxyl group is oxidized to an aldehyde group, leading to product 9.…”

“…As listed in Table 5 and shown in Figure 13, sites with higher f α values were preferentially attacked by the corresponding active species. 17 Hence, based on the f + values, O 3 tends to attack the C6 atom in the benzene ring, resulting in the generation of an ozone−benzene adduct (intermediate A) through electrophilic addition. Owing to its unstable structure, the intermediate A rapidly transforms into intermediates D and E, probably through intermediates B and C. Zwitterions D and E can react with H 2 O, which is a nucleophilic molecule, to form products 1 and 2.…”

“…Primarily, the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring and amidogen were successively replaced by • OH according to the f 0 values, resulting in the generation of intermediate G. However, owing to the lower concentration, it was not detectable in the solution, which was fired as one of the products in the degradation of BTZ according to a previous study. 17 Under the continuous attack of •OH radicals, the benzene ring is susceptible to breakage, and the hydroxyl group is oxidized to an aldehyde group, leading to product 9. Furthermore, the generation of product 11 indicates that the aldehyde group can be further converted into carboxyl groups, followed by cleavage reactions, shortening the carbon chain and producing products 8 and 12, respectively.…”

“…Benzotriazole (BTZ) is a vital additive that is extensively employed in rubber, coating materials, corrosion inhibitors, and detergents. − Owing to its wide application, vast high-concentration BTZ effluent is generated, resulting in severe water pollution. However, because of BTZ’s high-water solubility (28 g/L), resistance to biodegradation, and low sorption tendency, the conventional wastewater treatment plants are not able to effectively remove this pollutant.…”