“…Subsequently, mild corrosion initiates shallow pits on the metal surface, which, as corrosion intensifies, can increase in both size and depth. Wan et al 12 identify four distinct pit morphologies on corroded steel wires: conical pits (i-type), hemispherical pits (ii-type), combined pits (iii-type), and secondary pits (iv-type), as depicted in Figure 5. Varied corrosion degrees lead to different surface pit morphologies, with conical and hemispherical pits being prevalent at low corrosion degrees and combined pits and secondary pits more common at higher corrosion levels.…”