Degradation of atrazine by soil fungi

Kaufman, Donald D.; Blake, J. P.

doi:10.1016/0038-0717(70)90010-6

Cited by 139 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…al., 1998a;Sadowsky et al, 1998), which convert atrazine sequentially to cyanuric acid that is then completely mineralized to CO 2 and NH 3 by other three hydrolases. In some bacterial strains the biodegradation of atrazine initiate through Ndealkylation of the lateral ethyl and isopropyl chains to deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (Kaufman and Blake, 1970) (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Atrazine Degradation By Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It proceeds through N-dealkylation of either alkylamino group; however, with qualitative and quantitative differences, leading to two main degradation products, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (Kaufman and Blake, 1970). The potential of the white-rot fungi to perform in situ bioremediation has been ascribed to their ability to degrade a variety of xenobiotic chemicals via free radical mechanism mediated by extracellular peroxidases (Reddy, 1995).…”

Section: Atrazine Degradation By Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

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New aspects on atrazine biodegradation

Sene

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Secchi

et al. 2010

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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Section: Atrazine Degradation By Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atrazine Degradation By Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

New aspects on atrazine biodegradation

Sene

Converti

Secchi

et al. 2010

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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“…Definitive proof of s-triazine metabolism by microorganisms in pure culture has been provided (Kaufman and Blake, 1970;Kaufman et al, 1965Kaufman et al, ,1963Kearney et al, 1965). Simazine (6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl- First publ.…”

Section: S-triazines As Nitrogen Sources For Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

s-Triazines as nitrogen sources for bacteria

Cook¹,

Hütter²

1981

J. Agric. Food Chem.

224

165

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Isolation of bacteria able to utilize s-triazines as the sole and limiting nitrogen sources for growth is described. Three strains of Pseudomonas (A, D, and F) and two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (90 and 99) were examined. Strains D and F utilized N-ethylammelide, N-isopropylammelide, ammeline, ammelide, cyanuric acid, and ammonium ion as nitrogen sources. Strain A utilized melamine, ammeline, ammelide, cyanuric acid, ammonium ion, and deaminated N-ethylammeline and N-isopropylammeline. Strains 90 and 99 utilized ammelide, cyanuric acid, and ammonium ion. Growth yields of strains were independent of the nitrogen source, and specific growth rates with s-triazines were similar to those with ammonium ion as the nitrogen source (-0.3-0.6 h-l). Suspensions of nongrowing cells generally gave quantitative yields of ammonium ion from s-triazines, and ring carbon atoms were released as carbon dioxide. N-Alkylammelines in mixtures of strains A and D were quantitatively degraded to ammonium ion.Papers claiming microbial degradation of s-triazines, usually herbicides, are widespread, but reviewers have various interpretations of the rates of s-triazine degradation. Thus Alexander (1979) labels s-triazines recalcitrant, Cripps and Roberts (1978) imply ready degradability, whereas other reviewers refrain from comment (Esser et al., 1975;Kaufman and Kearney, 1970; Knuesli et al., 1969; Mikrobiologisches Institut, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, ETH-Zentnun, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Harris et al., 1968). Jordan et al. (1970) complement these data by citing extensive nonbiological degradation of striazines, usually on clay mineral surfaces. s-Triazines do not accumulate in the soils studied by Ramsteiner et al. (1972).Metabolites from s-triazines in experiments with animals, plants, and microorganisms have been reviewed by Fishbein (1975). Definitive proof of s-triazine metabolism by microorganisms in pure culture has been provided

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“…Workers have isolated a variety of fungi (37,46) and bacteria (4,21,44,48) which dealkylate and dechlorinate atrazine but do not mineralize the s-triazine ring. More recently, however, there have been several reports of rapid atrazine mineralization in agricultural soils (3,27,64,66), and a variety of atrazine-mineralizing bacteria, including members of the genera Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Acinetobacter, and Agrobacterium, have been isolated from soils that have come in contact with this chemical (2,7,43,44,54,58,70).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of an Atrazine-DegradingPseudaminobactersp. Isolated from Canadian and French Agricultural Soils

Topp

Zhu

Nour

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

170

161

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Atrazine, a herbicide widely used in corn production, is a frequently detected groundwater contaminant. Fourteen bacterial strains able to use this herbicide as a sole source of nitrogen were isolated from soils obtained from two farms in Canada and two farms in France. These strains were indistinguishable from each other based on repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR genomic fingerprinting performed with primers ERIC1R, ERIC2, and BOXA1R. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis of one representative isolate, strain C147, the isolates belong to the genus Pseudaminobacter in the family Rhizobiaceae. Strain C147 did not form nodules on the legumes alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.). A number of chloro-substituted s-triazine herbicides were degraded, but methylthio-substituted s-triazine herbicides were not degraded. Based on metabolite identification data, the fact that oxygen was not required, and hybridization of genomic DNA to the atzABC genes, atrazine degradation occurred via a series of hydrolytic reactions initiated by dechlorination and followed by dealkylation. Most strains could mineralize [ring-U-14 C]atrazine, and those that could not mineralize atrazine lacked atzB or atzBC. The atzABC genes, which were plasmid borne in every atrazine-degrading isolate examined, were unstable and were not always clustered together on the same plasmid. Loss of atzB was accompanied by loss of a copy of IS1071. Our results indicate that an atrazine-degrading Pseudaminobacter sp. with remarkably little diversity is widely distributed in agricultural soils and that genes of the atrazine degradation pathway carried by independent isolates of this organism are not clustered, can be independently lost, and may be associated with a catabolic transposon. We propose that the widespread distribution of the atrazine-degrading Pseudaminobacter sp. in agricultural soils exposed to atrazine is due to the characteristic ability of this organism to utilize alkylamines, and therefore atrazine, as sole sources of carbon when the atzABC genes are acquired.

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Degradation of atrazine by soil fungi

Cited by 139 publications

References 6 publications

New aspects on atrazine biodegradation

New aspects on atrazine biodegradation

s-Triazines as nitrogen sources for bacteria

Characterization of an Atrazine-DegradingPseudaminobactersp. Isolated from Canadian and French Agricultural Soils

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