“…Application of zero-valent iron (ZVI or Fe 0 ) is an environmental benign approach of remediation/treatment of contaminated groundwater and wastewater, because it is cost-effective and readily available and can remove a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants including chlorinated organic compounds [1,2], nitroaromatic compounds [3,4], dyes [5,6], heavy metals [7,8], arsenic [9,10], nitrate [11,12], and phenol [13]. ZVI system can take advantage of not only the reductive but also oxidative reactions, which may make the ZVI technology more versatile.…”