Many studies have investigated activation of ferrate
(Fe(VI)) to
produce reactive high-valent iron intermediates to enhance the oxidation
of micropollutants. However, the differences in the risk of pollutant
transformation caused by Fe(IV) and Fe(V) have not been taken seriously.
In this study, Fe(VI)-alone, Fe3+/Fe(VI), and NaHCO3/Fe(VI) processes were used to oxidize fluoroquinolone antibiotics
to explore the different effects of Fe(IV) and Fe(V) on product accumulation
and toxicity changes. The contribution of Fe(IV) to levofloxacin degradation
was 99.9% in the Fe3+/Fe(VI) process, and that of Fe(V)
was 89.4% in the NaHCO3/Fe(VI) process. The cytotoxicity
equivalents of levofloxacin decreased by 1.9 mg phenol/L in the Fe(IV)-dominant
process while they significantly (p < 0.05) increased
by 4.7 mg phenol/L in the Fe(V)-dominant process. The acute toxicity
toward luminescent bacteria and the results for other fluoroquinolone
antibiotics also showed that Fe(IV) reduced the toxicity and Fe(V)
increased the toxicity. Density functional theory calculations showed
that Fe(V) induced quinolone ring opening, which would increase the
toxicity. Fe(IV) tended to oxidize the piperazine group, which reduced
the toxicity. These results show the different-pollutant transformation
caused by Fe(IV) and Fe(V). In future, the different risk outcomes
during Fe(VI) activation should be taken seriously.