Degradation of oxalic acid by transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing oxalate oxidase

Thompson, C.; Dunwell, J. M.; Johnstone, Craig; Lay, Venetia J.; Ray, Jasodhara; Schmitt, Mark R.; Watson, H E; Nisbet, G.

doi:10.1007/bf00023945

Cited by 64 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Current restoration programs are implementing a variety of techniques to develop a blight-resistant tree that can be reintroduced into the native chestnut range, including breeding and genetic engineering (13,14). Genes from various sources are being introduced into American chestnut via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the hope that one or more genes will increase resistance to the chestnut blight (15).A gene from wheat that encodes an oxalate oxidase (16) has been shown to enhance the defense response in several plant species (17)(18)(19). This gene works by detoxifying oxalate (or oxalic acid), producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide by-products.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Transgenic American Chestnut with Those of the Wild Type, a Conventionally Bred Hybrid, and Related Fagaceae Species

D'Amico

Horton

Maynard

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bAmerican chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.) dominated the eastern forests of North America, serving as a keystone species both ecologically and economically until the introduction of the chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica, functionally eradicated the species. Restoration efforts include genetic transformation utilizing genes such as oxalate oxidase to produce potentially blight-resistant chestnut trees that could be released back into the native range. However, before such a release can be undertaken, it is necessary to assess nontarget impacts. Since oxalate oxidase is meant to combat a fungal pathogen, we are particularly interested in potential impacts of this transgene on beneficial fungi. This study compares ectomycorrhizal fungal colonization on a transgenic American chestnut clone expressing enhanced blight resistance to a wild-type American chestnut, a conventionally bred American-Chinese hybrid chestnut, and other Fagaceae species. A greenhouse bioassay used soil from two field sites with different soil types and land use histories. The number of colonized root tips was counted, and fungal species were identified using morphology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and DNA sequencing. Results showed that total ectomycorrhizal colonization varied more by soil type than by tree species. Individual fungal species varied in their colonization rates, but there were no significant differences between colonization on transgenic and wild-type chestnuts. This study shows that the oxalate oxidase gene can increase resistance against Cryphonectria parasitica without changing the colonization rate for ectomycorrhizal species. These findings will be crucial for a potential deregulation of blight-resistant American chestnuts containing the oxalate oxidase gene. E xotic pests and pathogens in North American forests have become increasingly significant problems, resulting in economic and ecological losses (1-5). One of the most famous is the introduction of chestnut blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr, that nearly brought the American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.) to extinction (6). Prior to the blight, American chestnut dominated eastern U.S. hardwood forests, commonly comprising more than 25% and sometimes as much as 70% of the canopy (7,8). Following its removal as a top succession canopy species, many of the chestnut's former roles in the ecosystem were disrupted, resulting in both short-term effects and long-term impacts (2, 9).Chestnut was not only important ecologically but also played a significant role in the American economy. Fast growth and high tannin content made chestnut an asset to the lumber and leather industries (10). In addition to use in the leather industry, the high level of tannins in the wood and its resistance to water penetration due to extensive tylose formation (11) make it highly rot resistant and ideal for uses such as telephone poles, railway ties, and fencing (10, 12). American chestnut wood also was use...

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“…A gene from wheat that encodes an oxalate oxidase (16) has been shown to enhance the defense response in several plant species (17)(18)(19). This gene works by detoxifying oxalate (or oxalic acid), producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide by-products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparisons of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Transgenic American Chestnut with Those of the Wild Type, a Conventionally Bred Hybrid, and Related Fagaceae Species

D'Amico

Horton

Maynard

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Transformation of oilseed rape by a full-length barley germincoding element was first reported by Thompson et al [64]. Transformations of dicotyledons (sunflower, tobacco, canola, soybean and potato) and a monocotyledon (maize), with a fulllength wheat germin-coding element supplied by this laboratory, have also been achieved.…”

Section: Molecular Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Oxalate oxidases and differentiating surface structure in wheat: germins

Lane

2000

Biochemical Journal

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Oxalate oxidases (OXOs) have been found to be concentrated in the surface tissues of wheat embryos and grains: germin is concentrated in root and leaf sheaths that surround germinated embryos; pseudogermin (OXO-ψ) is concentrated in the epidermis and bracts that ‘encircle’ mature grains. Most strikingly, the epidermal accumulation of OXO-ψ was found to presage the transition of a delicate ‘skin’, similar to the fragile epidermis of human skin, into the tough shell (the miller's ‘beeswing’) that is typical of mature wheat grains. A narrow range of oxalate concentration (1-2 mM) in the hydrated tissues of major crop cereals (barley, maize, oat, rice, rye and wheat) contrasted with wide variations in their OXO expression, e.g. cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive varieties of maize have similar oxalate contents but the former was found to contain approx. 20-fold more germin than did the latter. Well-known OXOs in sorghum, a minor cereal, and beet, a dicotyledon, were found to have little antigenic relatedness to the germins, but the beet enzyme did share some of the unique stability properties that are peculiar to the germin-like OXOs that are found only in the major crop cereals. Their concentration in surface structures of domesticated wheat suggests a biochemical role for germin-like OXOs: programmed cell death in surface tissues might be a constitutive as well as an adaptive form of differentiation that helps to produce refractory barriers against tissue invasion by predators. Incidental to the principal investigation, and using an OXO assay (oxalate-dependent release of CO2) that did not rely on detecting H2O2, which is often fully degraded in cell extracts, it was found that OXO activity in soluble extracts of wheat was manifested only in standard solution assays if the extract was pretreated in a variety of ways, which included preincubation with pepsin or highly substituted glucuronogalactoarabinoxylans (cell-wall polysaccharides).

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“…It is known that oxalic acid is a component that determines pathogenicity of some fungi [5,6] and that plant oxalate oxidase (OO) is able to degrade it to form hydrogen peroxide [7]. On the one hand, hydrogen peroxide may function as a secondary messenger in defensive responses; on the other hand, it can oxidize phenolic compounds in an endogenous peroxidase (PO)-catalyzed reaction that is directly associated with lignification of cell walls of plants [9] or infectious fungal structures [10][11][12].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(b) Isozyme spectra of extracts of four-day-old wheat seedlings. Designations: ( 1 ) marker proteins; ( 2 ) crude protein extract; ( 3 ) proteins that were not adsorbed on chitin;( 4,5 ) proteins eluted from chitin with 1 M NaCl.…”

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Isolation of Chitin-Specific Wheat Oxidoreductases

Максимов

Черепанова

Yarullina

et al. 2005

Appl Biochem Microbiol

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It is believed that the main mechanism of plant defense against fungal phytopathogens is the synthesis and accumulation of lignin at the sites of penetration of infectious structures. Both plant tissues and pathogen hyphae may be lignified [1,2]. The mechanism of targeted lignification in the vicinity of infectious fungal structures is poorly understood.It has been shown that cell walls of the majority of fungi contain chitin [3]. Plants contain proteins that can bind in a specific manner with chitin and glucan contained in the cell wall of phytopathogenic fungi (such as lectins, chitinases, and glucanases) [4].It is known that oxalic acid is a component that determines pathogenicity of some fungi [5,6] and that plant oxalate oxidase (OO) is able to degrade it to form hydrogen peroxide [7]. On the one hand, hydrogen peroxide may function as a secondary messenger in defensive responses; on the other hand, it can oxidize phenolic compounds in an endogenous peroxidase (PO)-catalyzed reaction that is directly associated with lignification of cell walls of plants [9] or infectious fungal structures [10][11][12].Earlier, we showed that some plant isoperoxidases can be adsorbed on Ustillago mycelium and chitin [13].The goal of this study was to investigate the nature of sorption of wheat OO and PO on chitin. MATERIALS AND METHODSObtaining chitin with different degrees of acetylation. In this study, we used crab chitin as a chromatographic matrix [14]. Chitin was ground in a laboratory grinder, suspended in 2 N HCl at 20-24°C for 2 h, washed several times with distilled water, and placed into 1 N NaOH. After heating the obtained suspension in a water bath to 96°C , the alkaline solution was decanted and fresh 1 N NaOH was added to the suspension. This procedure was repeated at least six times. Thereafter, chitin was washed, first with distilled water (to pH 7.0) and then with 96% ethanol, and dried. The degree of acetylation of purified chitin was 65%. To decrease this value, purified chitin was treated with 40% NaOH at 100°C [15]. Alkaline deacetylation for 1, 3, 4, and 6 h yielded chitin with degrees of acetylation of 45, 37, 23, and 12%, respectively. Chitin matrices thus obtained were washed from alkali with distilled water to neutral pH and then dried. The degree of chitin acetylation was determined potentiometrically [16]. After purification and deacetylation, chitin was ground and bolted. A column ( 1 × 10 cm) was packed with the dry powder obtained. The size of chitin particles used as a sorbent was 0.125-200 mm for all degrees of acetylation. Then, distilled water was pumped from bottom to top through columns with sorbent with the use of a peristaltic pump until the disappearance of air bubbles. Columns with chitin matrices were stored in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) at 4°C .Isolation of chitin-specific proteins from plants. Wheat seeds (cultivar Zhnitsa) were sterilized with 80% ethanol, planted in enameled containers with wet filter paper, and germinated at 25°C for four days. Roots of seedlings were separ...

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Degradation of oxalic acid by transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing oxalate oxidase

Cited by 64 publications

References 13 publications

Comparisons of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Transgenic American Chestnut with Those of the Wild Type, a Conventionally Bred Hybrid, and Related Fagaceae Species

Comparisons of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Transgenic American Chestnut with Those of the Wild Type, a Conventionally Bred Hybrid, and Related Fagaceae Species

Oxalate oxidases and differentiating surface structure in wheat: germins

Isolation of Chitin-Specific Wheat Oxidoreductases

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