Degradation of PCBs and HCB from sewage sludge during alkaline saponification

Valk, F. van der; Dao, Q. T.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(88)90101-4

Cited by 40 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Bivalve molluscs are often applied as sentinel organisms for monitoring heavy metal pollution. In these tests in most cases the total soft tissues were removed from the shells, and 5-10 g samples were digested and analysed by various methods such as flame-, graphite furnace-or cold flameless AAS, differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry or γ -radiation spectrometry (5,9). Concentration levels and kinetics of uptake and depuration of heavy metals by zebra mussels have been published earlier (5,8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microanalytical Determination of Metals in Selected Organs of Zebra Mussels by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Bohuss¹,

Varga²,

Barkács³

et al. 2001

Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Selected organs (gill, mantle, muscle, gonad) and the total soft tissue of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from a 54-km long Danubebranch near Budapest were analysed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. For sample preparation a microwave assisted vapour-phase digestion technique was used. Nine elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) were detectable in the samples. The K distribution was nearly homogeneous among the organs investigated. A considerable enrichment for Ca and Sr in the mantle and a moderate enrichment of Fe, Zn and Mn also in the mantle and/or the gill, of Ni in the muscle, and of Cu in the gill were observed.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microanalytical Determination of Metals in Selected Organs of Zebra Mussels by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Bohuss¹,

Varga²,

Barkács³

et al. 2001

Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is not only for the isolation of fats from organic tissues, but also for removing sulfur and degrading some chlorinated pesticides. Conventionally, the samples are immersed in a KOH-ethanol (or NaOH-ethanol, or KOH-methanol) solution and refluxed in a water-bath for about 1 h. However, Van der Valk et al 10 found that some degradation of PCBs would occur when sample saponified at 90˚C.…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Saponificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample Pretreatment with Microwave-Assisted Techniques

Zhang¹,

Xiong²,

Lie³

et al. 2000

ANAL. SCI.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Traditional methods of sample preparation for organic analytes, such as Soxhlet extraction and sonication, are both timeconsuming and create large amounts of solvent waste. Typical extractions take up to 6 h to complete, and use well over 100 ml of chlorinated organic solvent. Although newly developed supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has enjoyed much success owing to its organic solvent-free extraction using non-toxic CO2 as the supercritical solvent, its extraction results depend not only on the solute, but also on the sample matrix. Moreover, more polar hazardous fluids are often required to combine with the organic modifiers to effect complete extraction. In many analytical laboratories, the microwave-assisted dissolution technique is already the method of choice for sample preparation. Other microwave-assisted techniques for sample preparation are being constantly developed and put into practice. The application of microwave energy for the isolation of organic analytes from diverse samples began in the mideighties, and has made great progress with the advent of commercial microwave systems. 1 Compared with the traditional sample preparation methods, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is rapid (generally 5 -10 min), solvent saving (generally 20 -30 ml of non-chlorinated organic solvent.) and efficient.Recently, we have developed a series of microwave-assisted techniques for sample pretreatment prior to GC, GC-MS or HPLC determination of target organic analytes in diverse samples. The microwave-assisted experiments were performed with a 600 W microwave sample preparation system (Model MK-1, Xin-Ke Institute of Applied Microwave Technology, Shanghai, China). The operating conditions could be optimized by mainly adjusting three parameters, namely, the magnetron power output, usually set at 100%, the irradiation time (or heating time) and the controlled pressure value. The pressure in the vessel could be indicated by a special-designed optical fiber sensor. There were eight separate stages for pressure selection, and a pressure as high as 4 MPa could be attained. The volume of the PTFE lined digestion vessel was about 60 ml. The turntable could hold nine vessels simultaneously.GC determinations of PAHs, PCBs and triazines were performed on a HP-5 column (0.25 mm, 0.25 µm phase thickness) using a Hewlett-Packard 4890D series gas chromatograph equipped with an electron-capture detector (ECD), a nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD) and a split/splitless injector operated in the splitless mode. The chromatograph data were obtained and processed in a HP Chemstation (G2070AA, A.04.01).A HP6890 series gas chromatography interfaced to a HP 5973 mass-selective detector with a HP MS Chemstation data system (G1701AA, B.02.05) was used for MS identification of the GC peaks. The column used was a HP-5Ms cross-linked fusedsilica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm, phase thickness) coated with 5% phenyl-polymethylsiloxane. The HPLC used for the analyses of triazines was a Shimadzu LC-4A with an SPD-1 UV-VIS detector. ...

show abstract

“…High sample throughput is realized by a simultaneous sample treatment with microwave irradiation in an oven. Possible degradation of some compounds caused by contact with metals 7,8 can be avoidable, because metal vessels are unnecessary. In addition, the MAE apparatus is relatively simple and reliable, because highpressure pumps or valves are unnecessary.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Microwave-Assisted Extraction Technique for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in marine sediment samples has been investigated. The analytes were extracted under different treatment conditions, such as temperature, time and extraction solvent. They were quantified by an isotopedilution method, and the observed concentrations and recovery yields obtained under different conditions were compared. The results of a comparison between this MAE and other extraction techniques, such as pressurized fluid extraction, saponification, sonication, and Soxhlet extraction, are also given in this report. The techniques gave comparable results with the values obtained by other extraction techniques and the certified values in the samples. However, the observed concentration values of mono-and dichlorinated biphenyls varied depending on the extraction temperature.

show abstract

Degradation of PCBs and HCB from sewage sludge during alkaline saponification

Cited by 40 publications

References 7 publications

Microanalytical Determination of Metals in Selected Organs of Zebra Mussels by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Microanalytical Determination of Metals in Selected Organs of Zebra Mussels by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Sample Pretreatment with Microwave-Assisted Techniques

Evaluation of a Microwave-Assisted Extraction Technique for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About