Degradation of polyethoxylated nonylphenols in a sewage treatment plant. Quantitative analysis by isotopic dilution-HRGC/MS

Fate of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their metabolites in four Beijing wastewater treatment plants

“…It is clear that the total concentrations of nonylphenolic compounds (NP-c) in the dry weather is related to industrial and domestic wastewater content in the WWTPs influents, i. e., 0.115 to 0.183 μmol/L of NP-c in the WWTPs receiving both industrial and domestic wastewaters, and 0.347 μmol/L of NP-c in the WWTP receiving only domestic wastewater. The concentrations of nonylphenolic compounds detected in this study fell into the range reported in other literatures (Ma et al, 2002;Planas et al, 2002;Hou and Sun, 2006;Stasinakis et al, 2008), but were at low level compared to those observed in the European countries, such as Switzerland (2.42-4.05 μmol/L) (Ahel et al, 1994) and United States (425-894 μg/L for NP0-16EO) (Loyo-Rosales et al, 2007), indicating that the contamination in Beijing seemed less heavy than abroad, probably due to less consumption of NPnEOs surfactants in Beijing.…”

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

“…They have been used as industrial and domestic detergents, emulsifier formulations and other industrial products in the manufacture of rubber, paper, leather, and textile. The world production of APEOs totals about 70x10 4 tons per year, while the number is 5x10 4 tons in China. Eighty percents of APEOs is nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), and the other 20% is octylphenol polyethoxylates.…”

“…Consequently, these small metabolites have been extensively detected in the environment. Moreover, these small metabolites were reported to be more toxic, easier to be bioaccumulated, and easier to be concentrated in the sediment [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. More recent studies have revealed that some of these small metabolites, mainly NP and NP1EO, bear endocrine disrupting activity.…”

Nonylphenol: Properties, legislation, toxicity and determination

“…The chromatographic analytical methods for determination of nonylphenol in liquid and solid matrices are shown in Tables III and IV respectively. For liquid samples, there is use of GC-MS (Azevedo et al 2001, Liu et al 2004, Martinez and Peñuela 2013, Jeannot et al 2002, Terzopouliu et al 2014, Kuch and Ballschmiter 2001, Sodré et al 2010b, Oketola and Fagbemigun 2013, Díaz et al 2002, Hernández et al 2007, Planas et al 2002, HPLC-FLU (Zgola-Grześkowiak et al 2009, Cai et al 2003, Lou et al 2012, Marcomini and Giger 1987, Ahel et al 2000, HPLC-UV (Montagner and Jardim 2011, Marcomini and Giger 1987, Fytianos et al 1997, Cao et al 2013) and HPLC-MS (Ciofi et al 2014, Petrovic et al 2003, Jeannot et al 2002, Sodré et al 2010a, Sun et al 2013. Among the methodologies using HPLC, most make use of a reverse phase column, including columns with eighteen carbon bonded silica (C18) (ZgolaGrześkowiak et al 2009, Petrovic et al 2003, Jeannot et al 2002, Montagner and Jardim 2011, Sodré et al 2010a, Sun et al 2013, Lou et al 2012, Fytianos et al 1997, Cao et al 2013, columns with 8 carbons attached to silica (C8) …”

“…NONYLPHENOL: A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT 13 Terzopoulou et al 2014, Kuch and Ballschmiter 2001, Montagner and Jardim 2011, Sodré et al 2010a, Oketola and Fagbemigun 2013, Planas et al 2002 and also in the concentration range µg L -1 (Zgola-Grześkowiak et al 2009, Azevedo et al 2001, Jeannot et al 2002, Sodré et al 2010b, Sun et al 2013, Díaz et al 2002, Hernández et al 2007, Lou et al 2012, Marcomini and Giger 1987, Ahel et al 2000. As it may be observed in the tables above, the type of matrix and machinery, together with the type of detector, provide a detection limit of quantification and lower values than others.…”