Degradation of stone materials in the archaeological context of the Greek–Roman Theatre in Taormina (Sicily, Italy)

Brai, Maria; Casaletto, Maria Pia; Gennaro, G.; Marrale, Maurizio; Schillaci, Tiziano; Tranchina, Luigi

doi:10.1007/s00339-010-5678-0

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, its building materials were investigated. soluble salts were the primary cause of decay on the surface or near the surface (Brai et al 2010). Such degradation was investigated from different places using XRD and EDX indicating the presence of sulphate as anhydrate CaSO 4 and gypsum CaSO 4 .2H 2 O, In addition, was identified by SEM examination (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental deterioration and conservation of Ramses III's Sandstone Temple, Karnak, Luxor

Abd-Elkareem

2014

مجـلة کلية الآثـار بقنا - جامعة جنوب الوادي

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ramses III's temple contains many kinds of decay. Therefore, the current study investigates different deterioration phenomena and mechanisms of alteration which lead to sandstone decay. It also creates conditions in the laboratory similar to those of the temple to be compared to the deterioration environment of Ramses III's temple. Different scientific methods were adopted, such as EDX attached with SEM, XRD and PLM. Results show that there are many types of deterioration in the sandstone. For example, the samples reported the presence of sulphate and chloride in crystalline phase, e.g. anhydrate and dehydrate calcium sulphate (Thenardite), Na 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , sodium chloride (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO 4 .2H 2 O). Consequently, different treatments were used.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental deterioration and conservation of Ramses III's Sandstone Temple, Karnak, Luxor

Abd-Elkareem

2014

مجـلة کلية الآثـار بقنا - جامعة جنوب الوادي

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In particular, UV‐IF imaging can be used for localising and delimiting the specific areas where to perform further deepening spectroscopic analyses. The use of XRF analysis, widely employed in conservation sciences, thanks to the instrument portability, can be explained by its ability to identify many chemical elements in an efficient and non‐destructive way . This technique has been applied to layered samples: Schmitt et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of XRF analysis, widely employed in conservation sciences, thanks to the instrument portability, can be explained by its ability to identify many chemical elements in an efficient and non-destructive way. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This technique has been applied to layered samples: Schmitt et al [17] and Fiorini et al [18] reported the determination of the thickness of a layer by changing the incident or detection angle of the X-rays; Nygård et al [19] examined a possibility of determining the thickness of multiple metal layers; Cesareo et al [20,21] and Trojek et al [22] evaluated the thickness and the depth distribution of chemical element in multilayered structures by measuring K a /K b , L a /L b and L a /L g X-ray ratios in the case of pigment layers in paintings and of gilded or silvered alloys.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gilding and pigments of Renaissance marble of Abatellis Palace: non‐invasive investigation by XRF spectrometry

et al. 2012

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most of the artworks constituting the collection of Renaissance statuary of Abatellis Palace in Palermo (Sicily) show evidence of colour layers and fragments of gold foil that probably once covered the whole marble surface. The restoration of some of these statues has allowed to carry out archaeometric studies about the painting technique and to highlight the original materials and inclusion present on the precious marbles by two famous Italian sculptors of the Renaissance, Francesco Laurana and Antonello Gagini. The measurements have been performed in situ through the integrated use of two non‐invasive techniques: visible fluorescence stimulated by ultraviolet light and X‐ray fluorescence. The ultraviolet‐induced fluorescence analysis has provided additional information on the conservation status of marble surfaces by differentiating the pictorial materials and highlighting the presence of gilding and pigment traces through their characteristic fluorescence response. The observation in ultraviolet light has been used as valuable guide for the identification of the significant points to be analysed by X‐ray fluorescence to characterise the original materials. X‐ray fluorescence measurements have cast light about their chemical composition and stratigraphical structure. Pictorial layers were identified: vermilion for red layers, blue pigment based on copper for blue layers and pure gold leaf for gilding layers. Principal component analysis of the data was capable of clustering the different painting materials, discriminating through their chemical content. The results represent an important scientific support both to the hypotheses about the original look of the artworks and to the resolution of restoration and conservation questions still open. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

“…Indeed, apart from the walls directly exposed to outdoors (where the pollutants also are regulated by long-range transport), the processes of salt formation are linked to the micro-environmental conditions. Specific ranges of relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) govern the evaporation and condensation phenomena, producing efflorescences [ 37 , 38 ]. Phase transitions occur at a specific RH for each salt, at a given temperature and pressure, called equilibrium relative humidity [ 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble Salts Quantitative Characterization and Thermodynamic Modeling on Roman Bricks to Assess the Origin of Their Formation

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The environmental weathering and the formation of efflorescences on the brick walls are studied at the “Casa di Diana” Mithraeum at Ostia Antica archaeological site. Previous studies on subsoil, bedrock, hydrological systems and environmental conditions, and new ion chromatography analysis combined with ECOS-RUNSALT and Medusa-Hydra thermodynamic modelling software, had allowed us to identify the subsoil contamination related to soluble salts. The atmospheric acidic gases, CO2 and SO2, are determined as the main salt weathering species. A dry deposition after a subsequent hydration action from the shallow freshwater aquifer that reaches up to 1 m on the walls is identified as the mechanism of salt formation. An evaluation of potential sources such as the nearby Fiumicino airport, CO2-rich gases inputs from fumaroles and CO2 inputs was also debated. The risk level of contamination the surfaces of the materials should be considered mildly/very polluted with a medium/high risk of hygroscopic moisture due to the high concentration of sulphates.

show abstract

Degradation of stone materials in the archaeological context of the Greek–Roman Theatre in Taormina (Sicily, Italy)

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Environmental deterioration and conservation of Ramses III's Sandstone Temple, Karnak, Luxor

Environmental deterioration and conservation of Ramses III's Sandstone Temple, Karnak, Luxor

Gilding and pigments of Renaissance marble of Abatellis Palace: non‐invasive investigation by XRF spectrometry

Soluble Salts Quantitative Characterization and Thermodynamic Modeling on Roman Bricks to Assess the Origin of Their Formation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About