Degradation of the fungicide metalaxyl and its non-extractable residue formation in soil clay and silt fractions

Kalathoor, Roschni; Botterweck, Jens; Schäffer, Andreas; Schmidt, Burkhard; Schwarzbauer, Jan

doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(20)60006-6

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

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“…To determine the EF and NER of HOC, we applied solvent extraction followed by alkaline hydrolysis ,− to the soil samples, with experimental details provided in our previous works . Briefly, approximately 30 g of the freeze-dried soil sample was sequentially extracted using acetone, a 1/1 v/v acetone/hexane mixture, and hexane, followed by rotary evaporation, drying with anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , desulfurized with activated copper, and fractionated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonextractable Residues, an Analytical Iceberg, Contribute Significantly to the Pool of Halogenated Organic Chemicals in Soils across Various Regions

Yang,

Liu,

Guo

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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The nonextractable residues (NER) of halogenated organic chemicals (HOC), a crucial yet underexplored component in field soil/sediment monitoring, have traditionally been overshadowed by analyses focusing solely on the solvent extractable fraction (EF). This has led to NER-HOC becoming an invisible “analytical iceberg”, with their compositions, levels, and potential risks obscure. Building on our prior research, which revealed distinct distributions of EF-HOC and NER-HOC in industrialized urban and remote permafrost soils, we expanded our study to include suburban soils from both a megacity and a smaller city. Employing solvent extraction and alkaline hydrolysis, we were able to analyze both EF-HOC and NER-HOC. Our findings showed an increased NER-HOC to EF-HOC ratio and a higher prevalence of metabolite HOC compared to parent HOC in areas with reduced anthropogenic impacts. Notably, except for the soils from a point source site, all other locations exhibited NER to EF ratios exceeding 1, indicating a dominance of NER in these HOC pools. This highlights the potential importance for incorporating NER-HOC analysis in soil/sediment monitoring, especially in nonpoint source and remote locations. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the HOC distribution from diverse sources in varying environmental settings and suggest broader NER-HOC analyses in environmental assessments.

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